Zhang Xinyi, Xia Jing, Sun Bindong

Keywords： Socio-Market Model; Unitary System; Cost Renting; Germany; Berlin

Abstract：

Different from the ‘duality system’ in most countries, Germany has developed a ‘unitary system’ of the rental-housing market under its socio-market model. With its low owner-occupied rate, high rental rate and low price-income ratio, the housing market in Germany is an excellent reflection of a healthy developed housing market that choose and stick to the unitary system. This paper holds that the key to the success of the unitary rental-housing system is the integration of the non-profit and profit-making market, which greatly ensures the diversity and competitiveness of the rental market, making the cost-renting houses attractive to the suppliers in the market, while providing flexibility for the supply of rental housing to cope with various changes in demand. This paper evaluates the implementation of the ‘two-tier rent management system’, the housing cooperatives, and the ‘protection of tenants’ rights’ in the unitary house-renting system. On this basis, the paper shows the development of Berlin’s rental-housing market as a case model under the unitary system, thereby providing suggestions on the rental-housing market of large cities in China.

Funds：

• [1] SCHMID D. Home ownership rate in Germany 2010-2018[EB/OL]. [2020-05-05]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/543381/house-owners-amongpopulation-germany/.

  [2] Berlin housing market: rent cap may decouple real estate cycle from economic supercycle for a number of years[EB/OL]. [2020-05-22]. https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/RPS_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000505273/Berlin_housing_market%3A_Rent_cap_may_decouple_real_.pdf.

  [3] 新晚报. 央行调查：城镇居民户均总资产超300 万元，96%有房。你呢？[N/OL]. [2020-05-11]. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1664941811608137052&wfr=spider&for=pc.

  [4] BREDERODE M V. Affordable rental housing in Amsterdam and Berlin: a comparison of two European capital cities[D]. University of Amsterdam, 2018.

  [5] 吉姆·凯梅尼. 从公共住房到社会市场[M]. 王韬, 译. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2010.

  [6] EMMS P. Social housing: a European dilemma?[M]. Bristol: Policy Press, 1990.

  [7] 几言. 德国住房租赁市场的发展及其经验[J]. 上海房地, 2019(1): 50-57.

  [8] 郭正毅. 德国住房保障体系建设过程及政策特点[J]. 科学时代（上半月）, 2011(7): 21-22.

  [9] 王阳. 德国住房租赁制度及其对我国住房租赁市场培育的启示[J]. 国际城市规划, 2019, 34(5): 77-85. DOI: 10.22217/upi.2018.373.

  [10] 海外房产置业. 在德国柏林遭遇的租房难[EB/OL]. [2019-11-28]. http://www.sohu.com/a/100263844_390376.

  [11] EDDY M. Berlin freezes rents for 5 years in a bid to slow gentrification[EB/OL].[2020-05-21]. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/world/europe/berlin-gentrification-rent.html.

  [12] Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Wohnen[EB/OL]. [2019-11-27]. http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/.

  [13] Number of social housing unit drops by 42,000 in Germany[EB/OL]. [2020-05-21]. https://www.thelocal.de/20190814/number-of-social-housing-unitsdrops-by-42000-in-germany.

  [14] 新土地规人. 德国房价低的奥秘——住宅合作社[EB/OL]. [2020-05-20]. https://www.sohu.com/a/233101042_275005.

  [15] 中国报告网. 2018 年德国房地产行业住房政策发展历程及供给结构分析[EB/OL]. [2020-05-11]. http://free.chinabaogao.com/fangchang/201801/011S144F2018.html.

  [16] 汇丰行地产营销. 德国有超过50% 的人租房子住，我们可以学到什么？ [EB/OL]. [2020-05-22]. https://www.sohu.com/a/206239674_99901260.

  [17] 钟庭军. 德国国有住房租赁公司运营模式——考察柏林Gewobag 市政房地产公司的启示[J]. 上海房地, 2019(8): 46-50.

  [18] 陈杰, 吴义东. 租购同权过程中住房权与公共服务获取权的可能冲突——为“住”租房还是为“权”租房[J]. 学术月刊, 2019, 51(2):44-56.

  [19] Wikipedia: Berlin[EB/OL]. [2019-11-14]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin.

  [20] Statistik Berlin Brandenburg[EB/OL]. [2019-11-15]. https://www.statistikberlin-brandenburg.de/.

  [21] Investitionsbank Berlin. 2017 IBB Housing Report[R]. [2019-11-15]. https://www.ibb.de/media/dokumente/publikationen/in-english/ibb-housingmarket-report/ibb_housing_market_report_2017_summary.pdf.

  [22] Property prices index by city 2018[EB/OL]. [2020-05-13]. https://www.numbeo.com/property-investment/rankings.jsp?title=2018.

  [23] Deutsche Bank Research. Mapping the world’s prices 2019[R/OL]. Deutsche Bank AG/London. [2019-05-16]. https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/RPS_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000494405/Mapping_the_world%27s_prices_2019.pdf.

  [24] 北京市统计局, 国家统计局北京调查总队.《 2018 年北京统计年鉴》[EB/OL]. [2019-11-17]. http://tjj.beijing.gov.cn/tjsj/.

  [25] Property Prices Index by City 2018[EB/OL]. [2020-05-13]. https://www.numbeo.com/property-investment/rankings.jsp?title=2018.

  [26] 郭平. 保障性住房政策演变下住房租赁市场发展研究——以德国、美国为例[J]. 石家庄经济学院学报, 2014, 37(5): 64-68, 74.

  [27] 刘畅. 德国住房租赁市场的稳定发展及对我国的启示[J]. 中国房地产, 2019(17): 35-39.