Mou Yanchuan, Wang Di, Huang Ling

Keywords： Healthy Community; Built Environment Assessment; Audit Tool; Micro-scale; Systematic Observation

Abstract：

The community built environment is the physical space to guide residents’ health behaviors. One of the key issues to promote the construction of healthy community is to understand the characteristics and resources of the community, and how the community built environment influences individual health. As a result, it is of great practical significance to develop reasonable method to assess features of built environment considered relevant to promote local community health. In recent years, the community built environment audit tools are often used in the research of public health field, focusing on the characteristics and quality of micro-scale built environment (e.g. sidewalks, outdoor benches). Moreover, the adoption of the tools can support more detailed environmental condition assessment, problem analysis and scenescape simulation. Through the relevant theoretical and empirical literature researches, this study interprets the connotation of community built environment audit tool, identifies its core value and essentials, and summarizes key characteristics of 15 audit tools widely used in the world. On this basis, a set of audit tool which is suitable for Chinese context and health-oriented community built environment is constructed to provide methodological support for promoting healthy community construction.

Funds：

• [1] GILES-CORTI B, VERNEZ-MOUDON A, REIS R, et al. City planning and population health: a global challenge[J]. The lancet, 2016, 388(10062): 2912-2924.

  [2] 王一. 健康城市导向下的社区规划[J]. 规划师, 2015, 31(10): 101-105.

  [3] 王宏, 崔东旭. 基于健康需求特征的济南居住社区建成环境研究[J]. 城市发展研究, 2020, 27(3): 77-82.

  [4] 王兰, 廖舒文, 赵晓菁. 健康城市规划路径与要素辨析[J]. 国际城市规划, 2016, 31(4): 4-9.

  [5] 于一凡, 胡玉婷. 社区建成环境健康影响的国际研究进展——基于体力活动研究视角的文献综述和思考[J]. 建筑学报, 2017(2): 33-38.

  [6] ECHEVERRíA S, DIEZ-ROUX A V, SHEA S, et al. Associations of neighborhood problems and neighborhood social cohesion with mental health and health behaviors: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis[J]. Health & place, 2008, 14(4): 853-865.

  [7] 黄瓴. 从“需求为本”到“资产为本”——当代美国社区发展研究的启示[J]. 室内设计, 2012, 27(5): 3-7.

  [8] 龙瀛. 颠覆性技术驱动下的未来人居——来自新城市科学和未来城市等视角[J]. 建筑学报, 2020( 增刊1): 34-40.

  [9] BROWNSON R C, HOEHNER C M, DAY K, et al. Measuring the built environment for physical activity: state of the science[J]. American journal of preventive medicine, 2009, 36(4 supplement): 99-123.

  [10] 曹新宇. 社区建成环境和交通行为研究回顾与展望：以美国为鉴[J]. 国际城市规划, 2015, 30(4): 46-52.

  [11] CERVERO R, KOCKELMAN K. Travel demand and the 3Ds: density, diversity, and design[J]. Transportation research part d: transport and environment, 1997, 2(3): 199-219.

  [12] EWING R, CERVERO R. Travel and the built environment[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2010, 76(3): 265-294.

  [13] 姜洋, 王悦, 解建华, 等. 回归以人为本的街道：世界城市街道设计导则最新发展动态及对中国城市的启示[J]. 国际城市规划, 2012, 27(5): 65-72.

  [14] 熊文, 马瑞, 姜腾, 等. 北京云景东路街道空间人本评价研究[C] // 活力城乡·美好人居——2019 中国城市规划年会论文集. 重庆, 2019: 14.

  [15] BURTON E J, MITCHELL L, STRIDE C B. Good places for ageing in place: development of objective built environment measures for investigating links with older people’ s wellbeing[J]. BMC public health, 2011, 11(1): 839.

  [16] MEHTA V. Look closely and you will see, listen carefully and you will hear: urban design and social interaction on streets[J]. Journal of urban design, 2009, 14(1): 29-64.

  [17] MILLSTEIN R A, CAIN K L, SALLIS J F, et al. Development, scoring, and reliability of the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS)[J]. BMC public health, 2013, 13(1): 403.

  [18] CAROL P. Community auditing as community development[J]. Community development journal, 1998(3): 249-259.

  [19] CUNNINGHAM G O, MICHAEL Y L, FARQUHAR S A, et al. Developing a reliable senior walking environmental assessment tool[J]. American journal of preventive medicine, 2005, 29(3): 215-217.

  [20] 威廉· H. 怀特. 小城市空间的社会生活[M]. 叶齐茂, 倪晓晖, 译. 上海译文出版社, 2016.

  [21] OTTONI C A, SIMS-GOULD J, WINTERS M, et al. “Benches become like porches”: built and social environment influences on older adults’experiences of mobility and well-being[J]. Social science & medicine, 2016, 169: 33-41.

  [22] 鲁斐栋, 谭少华. 建成环境对体力活动的影响研究：进展与思考[J]. 国际城市规划, 2015, 30(2): 62-70.

  [23] ZHU W, SUN Y, KURKA J, et al. Reliability between online raters with varying familiarities of a region: Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes(MAPS)[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2017, 167: 240-248.

  [24] MASTROFSKI S D, PARKS R B, MCCLUSKEY J D. Systematic social observation in criminology[M] // PIQUERO A R, WEISBURD D, eds. Handbook of quantitative criminology. New York: Springer, 2010: 225-247.

  [25] CAUGHY M O, CAMPO P J O, PATTERSON J. A brief observational measure for urban neighborhoods[J]. Health & place, 2001, 7(3): 225-236.

  [26] PIKORA T, GILES-CORTI B, BULL F, et al. Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling[J]. Social science & medicine, 2003, 56(8): 1693-1703.

  [27] EMERY J, CRUMP C, BORS P. Reliability and validity of two instruments designed to assess the walking and bicycling suitability of sidewalks and roads[J]. American journal of health promotion, 2003, 18(1): 38-46.

  [28] BROWNSON R C, HOEHNER C M, BRENNAN L K, et al. Reliability of two instruments for auditing the environment for physical activity[J]. Journal of physical activity and health, 2004, 1(3): 191-208.

  [29] LEE R E, BOOTH K M, REESE-SMITH J Y, et al. The Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA) instrument: evaluating features, amenities and incivilities of physical activity resources in urban neighborhoods[J]. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 2005, 2: 13.

  [30] WILLIAMS J E, EVANS M, KIRTLAND K A, et al. Development and use of a tool for assessing sidewalk maintenance as an environmental support of physical activity[J]. Health promotion practice, 2005, 6(1): 81-88.

  [31] BOARNET M G, DAY K, ALFONZO M, et al. The Irvine-Minnesota inventory to measure built environments: reliability tests[J]. American journal of preventive medicine, 2006, 30(2): 153-159.

  [32] ANDRESEN E M, MALMSTROM T K, WOLINSKY F D, et al. Rating neighborhoods for older adult health: results from the African American health study[J]. BMC public health, 2008, 8: 35.

  [33] HOEHNER C M, IVY A, BRENNAN RAMIREZ L K, et al. Active neighborhood checklist: a user-friendly and reliable tool for assessing activity friendliness[J]. American journal of health promotion, 2007, 21(6): 534-537.

  [34] SPIVOCK M, GAUVIN L, BRODEUR J M. Neighborhood-level active living buoys for individuals with physical disabilities[J]. American journal of preventive medicine, 2007, 32(3): 224-230.

  [35] MCGUIRT J T, JILCOTT S B, VU M B, et al. Conducting community audits to evaluate community resources for healthful lifestyle behaviors: an illustration from rural eastern north Carolina[J]. Preventing chronic disease, 2011, 8(6): A149.

  [36] SALLIS J F, CAIN K L, CONWAY T L, et al. Is your neighborhood designed to support physical activity? a brief streetscape audit tool[J]. Preventing chronic disease, 2015, 12: E141.

  [37] 李萌. 基于居民行为需求特征的“15分钟社区生活圈”规划对策研究[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2017(1): 111-118.

  [38] 丹尼尔·西尔, 特里·克拉克. 场景：空间品质如何塑造社会生活[M]. 祁述裕, 吴军, 译. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2019.