克劳兹· 昆斯曼

Klauz R. Kunzmann

关键词：德国城市和区域规划的挑战；规划行业的起源和发展；规划行业的实践；综合型规划教育；博洛尼亚协议；AESOP ；规划激情

Keywords：Challenges of Urban and Regional Development in Germany; Evolution of Planning as a Profession; Professional Planning Practice;Comprehensive Planning Education; Bologna Agreement; AESOP; Planning a Passion

摘要：

在过去100 年的历程中，城市和区域规划逐渐演变成为一个独立的学术领域及职业。今天，欧洲共有150 多所规划学院提供规划课程，这些学院都是欧洲规划院校联合会（AESOP）的成员。然而，建筑师、土木工程师、地理学家和规划师仍旧在讨论为城市和区域发展培养人才的合适途径。有的人赞成专业教育应以实践为导向，另外一些人则认为，夯实的理论教育是学术领域的必要条件。甚至在后者的阵营内部，又分成了技术派，也就是将规划视作工程师或建筑师的领域，以及政策派，也就是认为政治地理和公共管理才是为规划提供最佳教学背景的学科。然而，无论何时，无论由于政治上、经济上或单纯是学术上的原因，规划似乎都被视为危机，人们讨论规划教育的正确性的声音就更强烈。例如，英国政府认为，公共部门过分干涉和控制的城市和区域规划阻碍了经济发展。而德国的建筑师则希望能够从地方政府行政岗位上的规划师手中，重新获得当初失去的权力。

本文描述了二战以来德国规划实践的起源和发展历程，并简述了影响规划教育的诸多背景因素。其中，多特蒙德工业大学有着欧洲首屈一指的规划学院，现有1 000 多名在校生，是综合型规划教育的典范。本文基于作者40 年致力于推进德国和其他国家规划教育工作的实践经验而成。

Abstract：

Over the last 100 years, urban and regional planning has evolved as a new field of academic and professional education. Today more than 150 schools in Europe offer planning courses. They are members of the Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP). However, architects, civil engineers, geographers and generalist planners are still discussing the appropriate approach to educate planners for city and regional development. There are those who favour more practice-oriented professional education, and others who see the need for better theoretical foundations of planning as an academic discipline. Even within academia, the camps are divided between those, who wish to maintain planning as an engineering discipline, as a domain of architects or one of urbanists, and others who rather favour political geography or public management as the best academic environment for educating planners. Whenever, for whatever political, economic or just academic reasons, planning is seen to be in a crisis, the discourse on the right approach to planning education is intensifying. This can be observed in the United Kingdom, where the government considers excessive public sector led and controlled urban and regional planning to hinder economic development or in Germany where architects wish to regain the power they lost to better trained planners, who have successfully taken over the role of planning in local government administrations.

This paper describes the evolution of planning practice and education in Germany since the Second World War and sketches the manifold contextual conditions in the country that influence planning education. Planning education at the TU Dortmund, the leading School for planning education in Europe with more than 1 000 students is presented as an exemplary model for comprehensive planning education. The paper is based on 40 years of experience of the author in developing and promoting planning education in Germany and beyond.

克劳兹· 昆斯曼，多特蒙德工业大学欧洲空间规划学院莫内教授；伦敦大学学院巴特雷特规划学院名誉教授；东南大学建筑学院访问教授

刘源，英国伦敦大学学院巴特雷特规划学院

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