安·福赛思 卡丽莎·希弗利·斯洛特巴克 凯文·克里泽克

Ann Forsyth, Carissa Schively Slotterback, Kevin Krizek

关键词：公共健康；评估；影响

Keywords：Public Health; Assessment; Impacts

摘要：

健康影响评估（HIA: Health Impact Assessment）为那些希望将健康方面的考量引入规划过程的人提供了一种吸引人的方法。目前，HIA主要应用于美国以外的国家，并由公共健康领域的专家带头，但其有望解决规划所涉及的人类健康问题。本文阐述了HIA的历史及与其他类似工具的关系，回顾了HIA的现有理论和实践，并讨论了其在目前规划措施中所扮演的角色。笔者认为，通过完善既有的HIA工具，可使规划师认识到HIA对于当下规划过程是有用的补充而非累赘的附加要求。笔者在文末探讨了HIA具有的独特优势，其更加明确地关注人类健康这一重要问题，从而能够与公共健康和相关领域的潜在盟友进行进一步紧密合作。

Abstract：

Health impact assessments (HIA) provide an attractive approach for those interested in injecting health issues into planning processes. While HIA have been mainly employed outside the United States and led by professionals from the public health field, they hold promise for addressing the important dimension of human health in planning. This article describes the history of HIA and their relationship to other analogous tools, reviews current theory and practice of HIA, and discusses the role of HIA in current planning initiatives. The authors suggest it is important to modify existing HIA tools so that they are perceived by planners as a useful supplement to current planning processes rather than a burdensome additional requirement. The authors close by discussing how HIA present distinct advantages, providing a more specific focus on the important topic of human health and a further opportunity to more closely partner with potential allies from public health and related fields.

安·福赛思，现哈佛大学城市规划教授，原康奈尔大学城市与区域规划教授
卡丽莎·希弗利·斯洛特拜克，明尼苏达大学，副教授
凯文·克里泽克，科罗拉多大学博尔德分校，教授

蒋希冀，同济大学建筑与城市规划学院，城乡规划学硕士研究生。jiangxiji@yahoo.com
唐健，上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院，主治医师；美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学医学院访问学者

• [1] Ahmad Balsam. Integrating Health into Impact Assessment: Challenges and Opportunities[J]. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2004, 22(1): 2-4.
  [2] Ahmad Balsam, Tanja Pless-Mulloli, Catherine Vizard. HIA and Pollution Prevention Control: What They Can Learn from Each Other[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005, 25(7-8): 714-722.
  [3] Arquiaga M C, Canter L W, Nelson D I. Risk Assessment Principles in Environmental Impact Studies[J]. Environmental Professional, 1992, 14(3): 204-219.
  [4] Association of Public Health Observatories. Who We Are[EB/OL]. 2008. http://www.apho.org.uk/default.aspx7QNzP_HIA.
  [5] Atkinson Phillip, Anthea Cooke. Developing a Framework to Assess Costs and Benefits of Health Impact Assessment[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005, 25(7-8): 791-798.
  [6] Banken Reiner. HIA of Policy in Canada[M] // John Kemm, Jayne Parry, Stephen Palmer, eds. Health Impact Assessment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004: 165-176.
  [7] Barrow C J. Social Impact Assessment: An Introduction[M]. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  [8] Bass R E, Herson A I, Bogdan K M. The NEPA Book: A Step-by Step Guide on How to Comply with the National Environmental Policy Act[M]. 2nd ed. Point Arena, CA: Solano Press, 2001.
  [9] Becker Dennis R, Harris Charles C, McLaughlin William J, et al. A Participatory Approach to Social Impact Assessment: The Interactive Community Forum[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2003, 23(3): 367-382.
  [10] Becker Henk A. Social Impact Assessment: Method and Experience in Europe, North America and the Developing World[M]. London: UCL Press, 1997.
  [11] Bekker Marleen P M, Putters Kim, van der Grinten Tom E D. Exploring the Relation Between Evidence and Decision-making: A Political-administrative Approach to Health Impact Assessment[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(2): 139-149.
  [12] Bekker Marleen P M, Putters Kim, van der Grinten Tom E D. Evaluating the Impact of HIA on Urban Reconstruction Decision-making. Who Manages Whose Risks?[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005, 25(7-8): 758-771.
  [13] Bell Simon, Morse Stephen. Sustainability Indicators: Measuring the Immeasurable?[M]. London: Earthscan, 1999.
  [14] Bendel Neil, Owen-Smith Vicci. A Prospective Health Impact Review of the Redevelopment of Central Manchester Hospitals[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005, 25(7-8): 783-790.
  [15] Bhatia R, Wenham A. Integrating Human Health into Environmental Impact Assessment: An Unrealized Opportunity for Environmental Health and Justice[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2008, 116(8): 991-1000.
  [16] Birley Martin. A Review of Trends in Health-impact Assessment and the Nature of the Evidence Used[J]. Environmental Management and Health, 2002, 13(1): 21-39.
  [17] Birley Martin. Health Impact Assessment, Integration and Critical Appraisal[J]. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2003, 21(4): 313-321.
  [18] Birley Martin. Health Impact Assessment in Multinationals: A Case Study of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005(25): 702-713.
  [19] Brouwer Roy, van Ek Remco. Integrated Ecological, Economic and Social Impact Assessment of Alternative Flood Control Policies in the Netherlands[J]. Ecological Economics, 2004, 50(1): 1-21.
  [20] Burdge Rabel J. A Conceptual Approach to Social Impact Assessment[M] // Rev, ed. Middleton, WI: Social Ecology Press, 1998.
  [21] Burdge Rabel J. A Community Guide to Social Impact Assessment[M] // Rev. ed. Middleton, WI: Social Ecology Press, 1999.
  [22] Burdge Rabel J, Fricke Peter, Finsterbusch Kurt, et al. Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment[C]. Silver Spring, MD: Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment, 1994.
  [23] Chuengsatiansup Komatra. Spirituality and Health: An Initial Proposal to Incorporate Spiritual Health in Health Impact Assessment[J]. Health Impact Assessment Review, 2003, 23: 3-15.
  [24] Cole Brian L, Wilhelm Michelle, Long Peter V, et al. Prospects for Health Impact Assessment in the United States: New and Improved Environmental Impact Assessment or Something Different?[J]. Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law, 2004, 29(6): 1153-1186.
  [25] Cook Andrew, Kemm John R. Health Impact Assessment of Proposal to Burn Tyres in a Cement Plant[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(2): 207-216.
  [26] Corburn Jason. Street Science: Community Knowledge and Environmental Health Justice[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.
  [27] Cramer James C, Dietz Thomas, Johnston Robert A. Social Impact Assessment of Regional Plans: A Review of Methods and Issues and a Recommended Process[J]. Policy Sciences, 1980, 12(1): 612-682.
  [28] Curtis Sarah, Cave Ben, Coutts Adam. Is Urban Regeneration Good for Health? Perceptions and Theories of the Health Impacts of Urban Change[J]. Environment and Planning C, 2002(20): 517-534.
  [29] Daily Gretchen C, Ehrlich Paul R. Population, Sustainability, and Earth’s Carrying Capacity[J]. Bioscience, 1992, 42(10): 761-772.
  [30] Dannenberg L, Bhatia R, Cole B L, et al. Growing the Field of Health Impact Assessment in the United States: An Agenda for Research and Practice[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 2006, 96(2): 262-270.
  [31] Dannenberg A L, Bhatia R, Cole B L, et al. Use of Health Impact Assessment in the United States: 27 Case Studies, 1999-2007[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2008, 34(3): 241-256.
  [32] Davies Katherine, Sadler Barry. Environmental Assessment and Human Health: Perspectives, Approaches, and Future Directions[R]. Health Canada, 1997.
  [33] den Broeder L, Penris Manon, Put Gerard V. Soft Data, Hard Effects. Strategies for Effective Policy on Health Impact Assessment—An Example from the Netherlands[R]. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2003, 81(6): 404-407.
  [34] Design, Community and Environment, Reid Ewing, Lawrence Frank and Company, et al. Understanding the Relationship Between Public Health and the Built Environment: A Report Prepared for the LEED-ND Core Committee[EB/OL]. 2006. http:// www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=148.
  [35] Design for Health. Building Public Understanding: The Link Between Health and Planning[EB/OL]. 2007a. http://www.designforhealth.net/ resources/hiaprimchecklist.html.
  [36] Design for Health. Health Impact Assessment Level 1: Preliminary Checklist. Version 2.1[EB/OL]. 2007b. http://www.designforhealth.net/ resources/hiarapidassessment.html.
  [37] Design for Health. Health Impact Assessment Level 2: Rapid Health Assessment Toolkit[EB/OL]. 2007c. http://www.designforhealth. net/resources/hiathresholdanalysis.html.
  [38] Design for Health. Health Impact Assessment Level 3: Threshold Analysis[EB/OL]. 2007d. http://www.designforhealth.net/resources/checklists.html.
  [39] Design for Health. Plan Review Checklists[EB/OL]. 2007e. http://www.design-forhealth.net/resources/participation.html.
  [40] Diez Roux Ana. Neighborhoods and Health: Where Are We and Where Do We Go from Here?[J]. Revue d’Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique, 2007, 55(1): 13-21.
  [41] Elliott Eva, Williams Gareth. Developing a Civic Intelligence: Local Involvement in HIA[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(2): 231-243.
  [42] Elliott Eva, Francis Sarah. Making Effective Links to Decision-making: Key Challenges for Health Impact Assessment[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005, 25: 747-757.
  [43] Federal Highway Administration. Guidance for Preparing and Processing Environmental and Section 4(F) Documents—FHWA Technical Advisory T6640.8[EB/OL]. 1987. http://www.environment.fhwa.dot.gov/projdev/impTA6640.asp.
  [44] Federal Highway Administration. A Citizen’s Guide to the NEPA: Having Your Voice Heard[EB/OL]. 2007. http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/NEPA/ Citizens_Guide_Dec07.pdf.
  [45] Fortin Marie-Jose, Gagnon Christiane. An Assessment of Social Impacts of National Parks on Communities in Quebec, Canada[J]. Environmental Conservation, 1999, 26(3): 200-211.
  [46] France C. Health Contribution to Local Government Planning[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(2): 189-198.
  [47] Franssen Ellis, Staatsen Brigit, Lebret Erik. Assessing Health Consequences in an Environmental Impact Assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2002, 22(6): 633-653.
  [48] Gorman D, Douglas M J, Conway L, et al. Transport Policy and Health Inequalities: A Health Impact Assessment of Edinburgh’s Transport Policy[J]. Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health, 2003, 117: 15-24.
  [49] Greig Sue, Parry Neil, Rimmington Barbara. Promoting Sustainable Regeneration: Learning from a Case Study in Participatory HIA[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(2): 255-267.
  [50] Gulis Gabriel. Health Impact Assessment in CEE Region: Case of the Former Czechoslovakia[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(2): 169-175.
  [51] Hay Laura, Kitcher Chris. An Analysis of the Benefits of a Cross-sectoral Approach to Prospective Health Impact Assessment of a Container Port Development[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(2): 199-206.
  [52] Hill Alison, Cooke Helen, Jenner David, et al. Building Public Health Skills and Capacity in the English Regions[J]. Public Health, 2005, 119: 235-238.
  [53] Howitt Richard. Social Impact Assessment and Resource Development: Issues from the Australian Experience[J]. Australian Geographer, 1989, 20(2): 153-166.
  [54] Innes Judith E, Booher David E. Indicators for Sustainable Communities: A Strategy Building on Complexity Theory and Distributed Intelligence[J]. Planning Theory and Practice, 2000, 1(2): 173-186.
  [55] Ison Erica. Rapid appraisal Tool for Health Impact Assessment: A Task-based Approach[R]. Eleventh Iteration. Oxford, UK: Institute of Health Sciences, 2002.
  [56] Ison Erica. Rapid Appraisal Techniques in Health Impact Assessment[M] // Kemm John, Parry Jayne, Palmer Stephen, eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004: 115-130.
  [57] Jain Ravi K, Urban L V, Stacey Gary S, et al. Environmental Assessment[M]. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
  [58] Kearney Matthew. Walking the Walk? Community Participation in HIA: A Qualitative Interview Study[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(2): 217-229.
  [59] Kelly Michael, Morgan Antony, Bonnefoy Josiane, et al. The Social Determinants of Health: Developing an Evidence Base for Political Action[EB/OL]. Final Report to the World Health Organization Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. 2007. http://www.who.int/entity/social_determinants/ resources/mekn_report_10oct07.pdf.
  [60] Kemm John R. Can Health Impact Assessment Fulfill the Expectations It Raises?[J]. Public Health, 2000, 114(6): 431-433.
  [61] Kemm John R. The Future Challenges for HIA[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005, 25(7-8): 799-807.
  [62] Kemm John, Parry Jayne. The Development of HIA[M] // Kemm John, Parry Jayne, Palmer Stephen, eds. Health Impact Assessment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004a: 15-24.
  [63] Kemm John, Parry Jayne. What Is HIA? Introduction and Overview[M] // Kemm John, Parry Jayne, Palmer Stephen, eds. Health Impact Assessment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004b: 1-14.
  [64] Kemm John, Parry Jayne, Palmer Stephen, eds. Health Impact Assessment[M]. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  [65] Krieger N, et al. Assessing Health Impact Assessment: Multidisciplinary and International Perspectives[J]. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2003, 57(9): 659-662.
  [66] Kwiatkowski Roy, Ooi Maria. Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment: A Canadian Example[J]. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2003, 81(6): 434-438.
  [67] Laburn-Peart Catherine, Scully Ed, Parry Jayne. HIA of the Health Through Warmth Scheme[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(2): 269-279.
  [68] Laws David W, Sagar Ambuj D. Perspectives on Human Health Impact Assessment[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 1994, 14(5-6): 311-319.
  [69] Maclaren Virginia W. Urban Sustainability Reporting[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1996, 62(2): 184-203.
  [70] Mahoney Mary, Potter Jenny-Lynn. Integrating Health Impact Assessment into the Triple Bottom Line Concept[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(2): 151-160.
  [71] Maller Cecily, Townsend Mardie, Pryor Anita, et al. Healthy Nature Healthy People: “Contact with Nature” as an Upstream Health Promotion Intervention for Populations[J]. Health Promotion International, 2005, 21(1): 45-54.
  [72] Mandelker D R. Melding State Environmental Policy Acts with Land-Use Planning and Regulations[R] // Modernizing State Planning Statutes: The Growing Smart Working Papers, Volume 2. Planning Advisory Service Report 480/481. Chicago: American Planning Association, 1998.
  [73] McCaig Karen. Canadian Insights: The Challenges of an Integrated Environmental Assessment Framework[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005, 25: 737-746.
  [74] Mindell Jennifer, Hansell Anna, Morrison David, et al. What Do We Need for Robust, Quantitative Health Impact Assessment?[J]. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2001, 23(3): 173-178.
  [75] Mindell J, Sheridan L, Joffe M, et al. Health Impact Assessment as an Agent of Policy Change: Improving the Health Impacts of the Mayor of London’s Draft Transport Strategy[J]. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2004, 58(3): 169-174.
  [76] Mindell Jennifer, Boltong Anna. Supporting Health Impact Assessment in Practice[J]. Public Health, 2005, 119(4): 246-252.
  [77] Mindell Jennifer, Joffe Michael. Health Impact Assessment in Relation to Other Forms of Impact Assessment[J]. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2003, 25(2): 107-113.
  [78] Morris M. Approaches To Regulating Developments of Regional Impact[R] // Modernizing State Planning Statutes: The Growing Smart Working Papers, Volume 1. Planning Advisory Service Report 462/463. Chicago: American Planning Association, 1996.
  [79] National Environmental Policy Act, Pub. L. No. 91-190, 42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq[S]. 1969.
  [80] Nick Wates Associates. Community Planning Handbook: Methods[EB/OL]. 2008. http://www.communityplanning.net/methods/methods.php.
  [81] Nilunger Louise, Diderichsen Finn, Burstrom Bo, et al. Using Risk Analysis in Health Impact Assessment: The Impact of Different Relative Risks for Men and Women in Different Socio-Economic Groups[J]. Health Policy, 2004, 67(2): 215-224.
  [82] Northridge Mary, Sclar Elliott. A Joint Urban Planning and Public Health Framework: Contributions to Health Impact Assessment[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93(1): 118-121.
  [83] O’Faircheallaigh Ciaran. Making Social Impact Assessment Count: A Negotiation-based Approach for Indigenous Peoples[J]. Society and Natural Resources, 1999, 12(1): 63-80.
  [84] Olshansky R B. The California Environmental Quality Act and Local Planning[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1996a, 62(3): 313-330.
  [85] Olshansky R B. Evaluation of the California Environmental Quality Act[J]. Environmental Management, 1996b, 20(1): 11-23.
  [86] Pearlman Kenneth. State Environmental Policy Acts: Local Decision Making and Land Use Planning[J]. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1977, 43(1): 42-53.
  [87] Pendall R. Environmental Impact Assessment: The State of the States, and Some Issues for Local Government[J]. Environmental Planning Quarterly, 1997, 13: 9-14.
  [88] Pendall R. Problems and Prospects in Local Environmental Assessment: Lessons from the United States[J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 1998, 41(1): 5-23.
  [89] Parry Jayne, Scully Edward. Health Impact Assessment and the Consideration of Health Inequalities[J]. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2003, (25, 3): 243-245.
  [90] Parry Jayne, Kemm John. Criteria for Use in the Evaluation of Health Impact Assessments[J]. Public Health, 2005, (119, 12): 1122-1129.
  [91] Phillips Rhonda. Community Indicators. Planning Advisory Service Report 517[R]. Chicago: American Planning Association, 2003.
  [92] Portney Kent E. Taking Sustainable Cities Seriously: Economic Development, Environment, and Quality of Life in American Cities[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
  [93] Quigley Robert J, Taylor Lorraine C. Evaluation as a Key Part of Health Impact Assessment: The English Experience[J]. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2003, 81(6): 415-419.
  [94] Quigley Robert J, Taylor Lorraine C. Evaluating Health Impact Assessment[J]. Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health, 2004, 118: 544-552.
  [95] Rapp Rayna. Testing Women, Testing the Fetus: The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America[M]. New York: Routledge, 1999.
  [96] Renz Jeffrey T. The Coming of Age of State Environmental Policy Acts[J]. Public Land Law Review, 1984, 5: 31-54.
  [97] San Francisco Department of Public Health. HDMT Development Project Checklist version 1.01[EB/OL]. 2007a. http://www.thehdmt .org/development_checklist.php.
  [98] San Francisco Department of Public Health. Healthy Development Measurement Tool[EB/OL]. 2007b. http://www.thehdmt.org/tool.php.
  [99] Sanoff Henry. Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning[M]. New York: John Wiley, 2000.
  [100] Sarkissian Wendy, Cook Andrea, Walsh Kelvin. Community Participation in Practice: A Practical Guide[R]. Murdoch, Australia: Murdoch University, Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, 2003.
  [101] Simpson Sarah, Mahoney Mary, Harris Elizabeth, et al. Equity-focused Health Impact Assessment: A Tool to Assist Policy Makers in Addressing Health Inequalities[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005, 25(7-8): 772-782.
  [102] Stabinsky Doreen. Bringing Social Analysis into A Multilateral Environmental Agreement: Social Impact Assessment and the Biosafety Protocol[J]. Journal of Environment and Development, 2000, 9(3): 260-283.
  [103] Steinemann Anne. Rethinking Human Health Impact Assessment[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2000, 20(6): 627-645.
  [104] Transportation Research Board and Institute of Medicine. Does the Built Environment Influence Physical Activity: Examining the Evidence[R]. Special Report 282. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 2005.
  [105] US Green Building Council. Pilot Version: LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System[EB/OL]. 2007. http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=148.
  [106] Wackernagel Mathis, Rees William. Our Ecological Footprint[M]. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers, 1996.
  [107] Watts J. Reconciling Environmental Protection with the Need for Certainty: Significance Thresholds for CEQA[J]. Ecology Law Quarterly, 1995, 22: 213-317.
  [108] Wismar M, Blau J, Ernst K. Is HIA Effective: A Synthesis of Concepts, Methodologies, and Results[M/OL] // Wismar M, Blau J, Ernst K, Figueras J, eds. The Effectiveness of Health Impact Assessment: Scope and Limitations of Supporting Decision-making in Europe. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 2007: 15-36. http://www.euro.who.int/InformationSources/Publica- tions/Catalogue/20071015_1.
  [109] Wismar M, Blau J, Ernst K, et al, eds. The Effectiveness of Health Impact Assessment: Scope and Limitations of Supporting Decision-making in Europe[M/OL]. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 2007. http://www.euro.who.int/Information- Sources/Publications/Catalogue/20071015_1.
  [110] World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future[M]. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1987.
  [111] World Health Organization. Health Impact Assessment: Main Concepts and Suggested Approach: The Gothenburg Consensus Paper[R]. Brussels: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1999. http://www.who.dk/document/PAE/Gothenburgpaper.pdf.
  [112] World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Achieving Health Equity: From Root Causes to Fair Outcomes[EB/OL]. Interim Statement. 2007. http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/interim_statement/en/index.html.

• 收起