刘超群

Liu Chaoqun

关键词：占领伦敦；土地产权；伦敦城；公共性；公共空间

Keywords：Occupy London; Land Ownership; City of London; Publicness; Public Space

摘要：

文章以“占领伦敦”为线索，聚焦其中围绕土地产权的各方权利冲突，以及公共权力与公众之间对“公共”话语的争夺。文章利用参与式观察与访谈获取数据，结合对相关诉讼案件辩词、土地交易协议及历史档案的分析，指出是私有土地产权的排他性权利与政府作为公权力的城市管理权共同导致了帕特诺斯特广场被封锁及圣保罗营地被清除的遭遇。占领者营地的社会组织与空间实践则充分显示出他们与城市政府对城市“公共性”的不同理解与追求。对“占领伦敦”的细致分析既帮助我们了解英国的土地产权架构及政府的城市规划权、土地强制征收权等管治权力，也促进了对公共空间固有困境的思考，这些都将为进一步探讨中国城市的土地制度、公共空间与公共性提供参考与启发。

Abstract：

This paper focuses on the conflicts in land ownership and politics around “publicness” that Occupy London reflects. With the data obtained from participant observation and interviews, combined with the records of the case of City of London -v- Samede and others, land transaction and archives, this paper argues that, it is the exclusive rights of private property and governmental power of the Corporation of the City of London that resulted in the injunction preventing the protesters entering into Paternoster Square and the eviction of them from the St. Pauls Camp. The organisation and practice of the Occupy camp reveals an alternative possibility of the city“ publicness”, which is different from the one that the authority claims. The analysis on the Occupy London can help understand English landownership system and the planning power and compulsory purchase power of the state. It also promotes the thinking about the dilemma of public space, which in turn facilitates the discussion in Chinese context.

刘超群（通信作者），博士，北京大学社会学系，博士后研究员。chaoqun.liu@qq.com

• [1] GABY S, CAREN N. Occupy online: how cute old men and Malcolm X recruited 400,000 US users to OWS on Facebook[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 367-374.
  [2] COSTANZACHOCK S. Mic Check! media cultures and the occupy movement[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 375-385.
  [3] K?KSAL L. Walking in the City of London[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 446-453.
  [4] LAYARD A. Property paradigms and place-making: a right to the city; a right to the street?[J]. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 2012, 3(2): 254–272.
  [5] JENNY P, JOHN K. Why does occupy matter?[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 279-287.
  [6] SCHEIN R. Whose occupation? homelessness and the politics of park encampments[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 335-341.
  [7] LIBOIRON M. Tactics of waste, dirt and discard in the occupy movement[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 393-401.
  [8] HALVORSEN S. Beyond the network? occupy london and the global movement[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 427-433.
  [9] HALVORSEN S. Encountering occupy London: boundary making and the territoriality of urban activism[J]. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 2015, 33: 314-330.
  [10] JURIS J S, Ronayne M, Wengronowitz R, et al. Negotiating power and difference within the 99%[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 434-440.
  [11] BARKER A J. Already occupied: indigenous peoples, settler colonialism and the occupy movements in North America[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 327-334.
  [12] SMITH C, CASTA?EDA E, HEYMAN J. The homeless and occupy El Paso: creating community among the 99%[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 356-366.
  [13] Anonymous. Occupy-the end of the affair[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 446-453.
  [14] FLETCHER S. The Occupy Movement vs. Capitalist Realism: seeking extraordinary transformations in consciousness[M] // Green harms and crimes. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015.
  [15] THORPE S. Rights, constitution and radical democracy in Occupy Wall Street and Occupy London[J]. Birkbeck Law Review, 2013, 1(2): 225-280.
  [16] PATRICK F G, BOB E, JOHN A N. Strategic incapacitation and the olicing of Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City, 2011[J]. Policing  Society, 2013, 23(1): 81-102.
  [17] MORGAN M. The containment of Occupy: militarized police forces and ocial control in America[J]. Global Discourse, 2014, 4(2-3): 267-284.
  [18] ERNESTO Casta?eda. The indignados of Spain: a precedent to Occupy all Street[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 309-319.
  [19] KERTON S. Tahrir, here? the influence of the Arab uprisings on the mergence of occupy[J]. Social Movement Studies, 2012, 11(3-4): 302-308.
  [20] MINTON A. Should the protesters have the right to occupy public space?[J]. uilding Design, 2011.
  [21] RICKMAN D. Occupy London protesters welcomed into St Paul’s athedral by Canon Giles Fraser[J/OL]. The Huffington Post. (2011-10-16)[2016-12-24]. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/10/16/occupylondon-protesters-_n_1013483.html.
  [22] WALKER P. St Paul’s Cathedral dean resigns over Occupy London rotest row, The Guardian[J/OL]. (2011-10-31)[2016-12-24]. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/31/st-pauls-dean-resigns-occupy.
  [23] HARRIS P. Salvation of St Paul’s: protest cap that lasted 137 days is cleared n 137 minutes[J/OL]. (2012-02-29)[2016-12-24]. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2107467/Occupy-London-Bailiffs-evict-protestersoutside-St-Pauls-Cathedral.html.
  [24] Occupy London protesters evicted from UBS-owned building[J/OL]. The elegraph. (2012-01-30)[2016-12-24].http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9048738/Occupy-London-protesters-evicted-from-UBS-owned-building.html.
  [25] Occupy London protesters evicted from Finsbury Square[J/OL]. BBC ews. (2012-06-14)[2016-12-24]. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlondon-18437009.
  [26] HOOPER H J. ‘A case without precedent’: City of London v Samede and Others [J/OL]. UK Constitutional Law Association. https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2012/05/01/hayley-j-hooper-a-case-withoutprecedent-city-of-london-v-samede-and-others-2012-ewhc-34-qb/.
  

  [27] BHANDAR B. Possession, occupation and registration: recombinant ownership in the settler colony[J]. Journal Settler Colonial Studies, 2015, 6(2): 1-14.
  [28] FINCHETT-MADDOCK L. Time’s up-resisting private limitations on rights to housing and protest[M] // VOLS M, SIDOLI DEL CENO J, eds. Studies in housing law. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 2016.
  [29] City of London v Samede and others[Z]. Neutral Citation Number: [2012]EWHC 34 (QB). Court of Appeal (England and Wales) (Civil Division).2012-02-22: 17-19, 23-24,46-51,53; 79,81,104,165.
  [30] United Kingdom Parliament. Town and Country Planning Act 1990[Z].1990: 55, 178(1), 187(b).
  [31] United Kingdom Parliament. Local Government Act 1972[Z].
  [32] United Kingdom Parliament. Local Government Act 2000[Z].
  [33] United Kingdom Parliament. Highways Act 1980[Z]. 1980: 130, 143, 263.
  [34] RAWLINSON K. City wins legal bid to evict Occupy London protesters[J/OL]. Independent. (2012-01-19)[2016-01-01].http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/city-wins-legal-bid-to-evict-occupy-londonprotesters-6291250.html.
  [35] United Kingdom Parliament. Public Health Act 1936[Z]. 1936: 269.
  [36] KAYDEN J S. Privately owned public space: the New York City experience[M]. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1998.
  

  [37] MINTON A. Ground control: fear and happiness in the Twenty-First Century city[M]. Penguin, 2009.
  [38] COLEMAN R, SIM J.‘ You’ll never walk alone’: CCTV surveillance, order and neo-liberal rule in Liverpool city centre[J]. British Journal of Sociology, 2000, 51(4): 623-639.
  

  [39] MINTON A. Private spaces are stifling protest[N]. The Guardian, 2011-10-26.
  [40] About Paternoster[OL]. http://www.paternostersquare.info/aboutpaternoster.aspx.
  [41] United Kingdom Parliament. Town and Country Planning Acts of 1944.
  [42] United Kingdom Parliament. Town and Country Planning Acts of 1947.
  [43] Bombed Areas (Declaratory Orders)[Z]. Hansard (HC), 460: 738-740. London Metropolitan Archives, 1949.
  [44] United Kingdom Parliament. Acquisition of Land (Authorisation Proced ure) Act of 1946.
  [45] Corporation of London. City of London Declaratory Order[Z]. London Metropolitan Archives, 1948.
  [46] The City of London (St. Paul’s Precinct North) Compulsory Purchase Order[Z]. London Metropolitan Archives, 1963.
  [47] LN195019[Z]. Land Registry, Wales Office.
  [48] HALE R L. Property and Sovereignty[J]. Law and the Social Order, 1933: 41.
  [49] City of London funds[OL]. [2016-01-01]. http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/how-we-make-decisions/budgets-and-spending/Pages/City-of-London-Funds.aspx.
  [50] MONBIOT G. The medieval, unaccountable corporation of London is ripe for protest[J/OL]. The Guardian. (2011-10-31)[2016-01-01]. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/oct/31/corporation-london-citymedieval.
  [51] QUINN B. Corporation of London: an ancient institution that favours big business[J/OL]. The Guardian. (2011-10-31)[2016-01-01]. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/31/corporation-london-institution-big66business.
  [52] SHAXSON N. The tax haven in the heart of Britain[J/OL]. New Statesman. (2011-02-24)[2016-01-01]. http://www.newstatesman.com/economy/2011/02/london-corporation-city.
  [53] LOW S M. On the Plaza : the politics of public space and culture[M]. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000.
  [54] BLACKMAR E. Appropriating “the commons”: the tragedy of property rightdiscourse[M] // Low S, Smith N, eds. The politics of public space. NewYork: Routledge, 2006.
  [55] BERGER A. Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman law[M]. Philadelphia: The American Philosophic Society, 43, Part 2, 1953: 679.
  [56] SOHM R. The institutes of Roman law [M]. Google Book, 1892: 226. 
  [57] LINEBAUGH P. The Magna Carta Manifesto: liberties and commons for all[M] . University of California Press, 2009: 376.
  [58] YELLING J A. Common field and enclosure in England 1450–1850[M]. Macmillan Education UK, 1977.
  [59] BLOMLEY N. Enclosure, common right and the property of the poor[J]. Social & Legal Studies, 2008, 17(3): 311-331.
  [60] KIVELL P T, MCKAY I. Public ownership of urban land[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 1988, 13(2): 165-178.
  [61] Occupy London, Initial Statement[OL]. http://occupylondon.org.uk/about/statements/initial-statement/.
  [62] SITRIN M. Horizontalism and the occupy movements[J]. Dissent, 2012, 59(3): 585-608.
  [63] City of London. The corporation of London: its origin, constitution powers and duties[M]. Printed by Order of the Corporation under the Direction of the Special Committee, London & New York: Oxford University Press, 1950: 5-6.
  [64] PENNER E P. The boundle of right: picture of property[J]. UCLA Law Review, 1996, 43: 711-820.
  [65] 德姆塞茨, 哈罗德. 关于产权的理论[M] // 罗卫东, 编选. 刘守英, 译. 经济学基础文献选读. 杭州: 浙江大学出版社, 2007: 179-184．
  [66] 渠敬东. 占有、经营与治理：乡镇企业的三重分析概念（上）. 重返经典社会科学研究的一项尝试[J]. 社会, 2013, 33(2): 1-37.
  [67] SIMPSON A W B. A history of the land law[M]. 2nd ed. Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1986: 1.
  [68] HALL P. Urban and regional planning[M]. London: Routledge, 1992: 71, 219.
  [69] 王一名, 陈洁. 西方研究中城市空间公共性的组成维度及“公共”与“私有”的界定特征[J]. 国际城市规划, 2017, 32(3): 59-67.
  [70] CARMONA M. Contemporary public space, part two: classification[J]. Journal of Urban Design, 2010, 15(2): 157-173.
  [71] LAMETTI D. The concept of property: relations through objects of social wealth[J]. University of Toronto Law Journal, 2003(4): 325-378.
  [72] 芦雪峰, 李凤章. 反思占有“事实”说[J]. 东方法学, 2014(1): 39-55.
  [73] POLLOCK F, WRIGHT R S. An essay on possession in the Common Law[M]. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1988.
  [74] United Kingdom Parliament. Land Registration Act 2002[Z]. Part 9 Adverse Possession.
  

• 收起