周恺 刘力銮 戴燕归

Zhou Kai, Liu Liluan, Dai Yangui

关键词：城市治理；收缩城市；精明收缩；城市政策；城乡规划

Keywords：Urban Governance; Shrinking City; Smart Shrinkage; Urban Policy; Urban and Rural Planning

摘要：

如何保障城市在人口收缩情景下实现平稳的发展转型，已经成为城市治理研究的重要课题。从长历史时期和大空间尺度看，城市的增长和收缩是高度关联的过程。基于这一点认识，文章首先解释了收缩城市文献中常引用的三种理论模型：生命周期模型、启发式模型和政治经济模型，它们为学者理解、总结和归纳收缩治理政策提供了三种截然不同的理论维度。其次，在综述大量案例研究的基础上，本文对美国、德国、法国、日本和中东欧部分国家的收缩治理模式进行了国际比较，分析其城市收缩特点、关键政策行动以及决策形成过程中的内外部条件。最后，本文在发掘全球收缩城市共性问题的基础上，结合我国城市收缩的现实情况，提炼出对我国收缩治理具有借鉴价值的三个政策领域：福利治理、形态管控和吸引力提升。

Abstract：

How to secure a smooth transition of city in the time of depopulation has become one of the key issues in urban governance researches. The growth and shrinkage of urban population are “the two sides of the same coin” if looking at the global urbanization process through wider geographic scope or by longer historical time span. Recognizing the importance of governance in shrinking cities, this paper firstly introduces three theoretical models that were frequently cited in the literatures: the life-cycle model, the heuristic model, and the political-economy model. Each model provides a unique perspective on understanding, interpreting, and conceptualizing the governance of urban shrinkage. Secondly, it reviews literatures on a wide range of case studies and produces international comparisons among the modes of governance of shrinking cities in the USA, Germany, France, Japan and several countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Last but not least, this paper suggests three policy responses for the governance of Chinese shrinking cities: welfare governance, urban form, and residential attractiveness, which are key policy issues and need to be also shared with most shrinking cities around the world.

周恺，湖南大学建筑学院城乡规划系，副教授。zhoukai_nju@hotmail.com

刘力銮，湖南大学建筑学院，硕士研究生。lucky67125@foxmail.com

戴燕归，湖南大学建筑学院，硕士研究生。daiyangui_19a@foxmail.com

• [1] 李郇, 吴康, 龙瀛, 等. 局部收缩：后增长时代下的城市可持续发展争鸣[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(10): 1997-2016.

  [2] 周恺, 钱芳芳. 收缩城市：逆增长情景下的城市发展路径研究进展[J]. 现代城市研究, 2015(9): 2-13.

  [3] 杨舢. “过渡使用”在国内外的发展及相关研究：一个城市研究的新视角[J]. 国际城市规划, 2019, 34(6): 49-55. DOI ：10.22217/upi.2018.094.

  [4] 马爽, 龙瀛. 基于绿色基础设施的中国收缩城市正确规模模型[J]. 西部人居环境学刊, 2018, 33(3): 1-8.

  [5] 周盼, 吴佳雨, 吴雪飞. 基于绿色基础设施建设的收缩城市更新策略研究[J]. 国际城市规划, 2017, 32(1): 91-98.

  [6] WOLFF M. Understanding the role of centralization processes for cities–evidence from a spatial perspective of urban Europe 1990–2010[J]. Cities, 2018, 75: 20-29.

  [7] HAASE A, RINK D, GROSSMANN K, et al. Conceptualizing urban shrinkage[J]. Environment and planning a, 2014, 46(7): 1519-1534.

  [8] WOLFF M, WIECHMANN T. Urban growth and decline: Europe’s shrinking cities in a comparative perspective 1990-2010[J]. European urban and regional studies, 2018, 25(2): 122-139.

  [9] BERNT M, HAASE A, GRO?MANN K, et al. How does(n’t) urban shrinkage get onto the agenda? experiences from Leipzig, Liverpool, Genoa and Bytom[J]. International journal of urban and regional research, 2014, 38(5): 1749-1766.

  [10] HAASE A, NELLE A, MALLACH A. Representing urban shrinkage–the importance of discourse as a frame for understanding conditions and policy[J]. Cities, 2017, 69: 95-101.

  [11] 周恺, 董丹梨, 潘兰英. 城市的正义：西方“社会公正”思想的意识形态根源[J]. 国际城市规划, 2019, 34(3): 78-86. DOI:  10.22217/upi.2018.166.

  [12] VAN DEN BERG L, DREWETT R, KLAASEN L H, et al. Urban Europe: a study of growth and decline[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982.

  [13] KONDRATIEFF N D, STOLPER W F. The long waves in economic life[J]. The review of economics and statistics, 1935, 17(6): 105-115.

  [14] KUZNETS S S. Secular movement in production and prices: their nature and their bearing upon cyclical fluctuations[M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1930.

  [15] BARTHOLOMAE F, WOON NAM C, SCHOENBERG A. Urban shrinkage and resurgence in Germany[J]. Urban studies, 2017, 54(12): 2701-2718.

  [16] HATTORI K, KAIDO K, MATSUYUKI M. The development of urban shrinkage discourse and policy response in Japan[J]. Cities, 2017, 69: 124-132.

  [17] KIM S. Design strategies to respond to the challenges of shrinking city[J]. Journal of urban design, 2019, 24(1): 49-64.

  [18] RéRAT P. The return of cities: the trajectory of Swiss cities from demographic loss to reurbanization[J]. European planning studies, 2019, 27(2): 355-376.

  [19] DUBEAUX S, SABOT E C. Maximizing the potential of vacant spaces within shrinking cities, a German approach[J]. Cities, 2018, 75: 6-11.

  [20] KINGDON J W, THURBER J A. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies[M]. Boston: Little, Brown, 1984.

  [21] SMITH N. On the necessity of uneven development[J]. International journal of urban and regional research, 1986, 10(1): 87-104.

  [22] HARVEY D. Social justice and the city[M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1973.

  [23] HARVEY D. The limits to Capital[M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982.

  [24] SMITH P. Spaces of global capitalism: towards a theory of uneven geographical development[J]. Geographical research, 2009, 47(3): 343-345.

  [25] SMITH N. Uneven development: nature, capital, and the production of space[M]. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2010.

  [26] HARTT M. The diversity of North American shrinking cities[J]. Urban studies, 2018, 55(13): 2946-2959.

  [27] HOLLANDER J B. An ordinary city: planning for growth and decline in New Bedford, Massachusetts[M]. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

  [28] 周恺, 严妍, 赵群荟. 人口收缩情景下的规划政策应对：基于湖南案例的探讨[J]. 北京规划建设, 2019(3): 12-19.

  [29] HOLLANDER J B. Sunburnt cities: the great recession, depopulation and urban planning in the American sunbelt[M]. New York: Routledge, 2011.

  [30] 邓嘉怡, 郑莎莉, 李郇. 德国收缩城市的规划应对策略研究——以原东德都市重建计划为例[J]. 西部人居环境学刊, 2018, 33(3):13-20.

  [31] 邓嘉怡, 李郇. 统一后原东德城市收缩现象及机制研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2018, 27(4):90-99.

  [32] 克劳兹· 昆斯曼. 2007 年看鲁尔：埃姆歇公园国际建筑展为我们留下了什么?[J]. 国际城市规划, 2007(3) ：54-59.

  [33] 克劳兹· 昆斯曼. 埃姆歇公园国际建筑展的创新精神[J]. 国际城市规划, 2007(3): 23-29.

  [34] 冉内· 史道巴赫. 埃姆歇公园国际建筑展的社会思考[J]. 国际城市规划, 2007(3): 30-35.

  [35] MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ C, WEYMAN T, FOL S, et al. Shrinking cities in Australia, Japan, Europe and the USA: from a global process to local policy responses[J]. Progress in planning, 2016, 105: 1-48.

  [36] WOLFF M, FOL S, ROTH H, et al. Is planning needed? shrinking cities in the French urban system[J]. Town planning review, 2017, 88(1): 131-145.

  [37] BéAL V, FOL S, MIOT Y, et al. Varieties of right-sizing strategies: comparing degrowth coalitions in French shrinking cities[J]. Urban geography, 2019, 40(2): 192-214.

  [38] KAIDO K, YOSIKO T. Sustainable suburbia through the perspective of lower density and shrinkage: the case study of the Nagoya Metropolitan Region in Japan[M] // GANSER R, PIRO R. Parallel patterns of shrinking

  cities and urban growth: spatial planning for sustainable development of city regions and rural areas. New York: Routledge, 2016: 145-163.

  [39] BUHNIK S. The dynamics of urban degrowth in Japanese metropolitan areas: what are the outcomes of urban recentralisation strategies?[J]. Town planning review, 2017, 88(1): 79-92.

  [40] 木下勇, 汉斯· 宾德, 冈部明子. 城市“缩小”时代的再开发方向：识别性与可持续性[M]. 沈瑶等, 译. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2018.

  [41] HATTORI K, KAIDO K, MATSUYUKI M. The development of urban shrinkage discourse and policy response in Japan[J]. Cities, 2017, 69: 124-132.

  [42] RINK D, COUCH C, HAASE A, et al. The governance of urban shrinkage in cities of post-socialist Europe: policies, strategies and actors[J]. Urban research & practice, 2014, 7(3): 258-277.

  [43] TINTěRA J, KOTVAL Z, RUUS A, et al. Inadequacies of heritage protection regulations in an era of shrinking communities: a case study of Valga, Estonia[J]. European planning studies, 2018, 26(12): 2448-2469.

  [44] LEETMAA K, KRISZAN A, NUGA M, et al. Strategies to cope with shrinkage in the lower end of the urban hierarchy in Estonia and Central Germany[J]. European planning studies, 2015, 23(1): 147-165.

  [45] BRENNER N, PECK J, THEODORE N. After neoliberalization?[J]. Globalizations, 2010, 7(3): 327-345.

  [46] PIERRE J. The politics of urban governance[M]. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

  [47] STEPAN M, MüLLER A. Welfare governance in China? a conceptual discussion of governing social policies and the applicability of the concept to contemporary China[J]. Journal of Cambridge studies, 2012, 7(4):54-72.

  [48] KIRKPATRICK L O. Urban triage, city systems, and the remnants of community: some “sticky” complications in the greening of Detroit[J]. Journal of urban history, 2015, 41(2): 261-278.

  [49] TIEBOUT C M. A pure theory of local expenditures[J]. Journal of political economy, 1956, 64(5): 416-424.

  [50] MIOT Y. Residential attractiveness as a public policy goal for declining industrial cities: Housing renewal strategies in Mulhouse, Roubaix and Saint-Etienne (France)[J]. European planning studies, 2015, 23(1): 104-125.

  [51] PANAGOPOULOS T, GUIMAR?ES M H, BARREIRA A P. Influences on citizens’policy preferences for shrinking cities: a case study of four Portuguese cities[J]. Regional studies, regional science, 2015, 2(1): 141-170.

  [52] GUIMAR?ES M H, NUNES L C, BARREIRA A P, et al. Residents’preferred policy actions for shrinking cities[J]. Policy studies, 2016, 37(3): 254-273.

  
  

• 收起