赵文宁

Zhao Wenning

关键词：爱沙尼亚；城市规划体系改革；市场化；地方自治；产权改革

Keywords：Estonia ；Reform of Planning System; Marketization; Local Autonomy; Property Reform

摘要：

爱沙尼亚于1990 年代苏联解体后恢复独立，成为中东欧后社会主义国家之一。为适应迅速变化的政治、经济、社会需求，其城市规划体系经历了市场化改革，从苏联时期中央计划体制转为1990 年代的“专案式规划”，又于2000 年代建立了市场化的法定规划体系。本文剖析了爱沙尼亚规划体系改革的主要制度基础：地方自治的行政体系、以私有化和地方化为核心的产权改革，以及基于所有权的土地税制度。在此基础上，依据其2003 年颁布的《规划法》对改革后的规划体系进行梳理，并深入讨论了其中具有显著市场化特征的政策安排，包括上下调整的规划等级体系、基于“产权所有者协商制度”的详细规划简化程序，以及临时建设禁令和部分采用规划等。对爱沙尼亚规划体系市场化改革的研究，有助于开拓研究视野，理解中东欧后社会主义地区城市规划发展问题，从而为我国规划体系发展提供启示。

Abstract：

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, Estonia became one of the post-socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe. In order to adapt to the rapidly changing political, economic and social needs, its urban planning system experienced market-oriented reforms that from the central planning system of the Soviet Union to “ad hoc planning” in the 1990s and then established a market-oriented statutory planning system in the 2000s. This paper analyzes the institutional basis of the reform of Estonian planning system: the administrative system reform towards local autonomy, privatization and localization in land reform, and the ownership-based land tax policy. Furthermore, based on the Planeerimisseadus (Planning Act) adopted in 2003, the reformed planning system is sorted out, and several typical market-oriented policy are discussed in depth, including the two-way adjustment of the planning system, detail plan simplification procedures, temporary building bans and partial adoption of plans. The research on the market-oriented reform of Estonian planning system could help to understand the development of urban planning in post-socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe, thus providing inspiration and references to Chinese planning system.

赵文宁，清华大学建筑学院，博士。wenningzhao@hotmail.com

• [1] 孙施文, 刘奇志, 王富海, 等. 城乡治理与规划改革[J]. 城市规划, 2015, 39(1): 81-88.

  [2] 徐瑾, 顾朝林. 英格兰城市规划体系改革新动态[J]. 国际城市规划, 2015(3): 78-83.

  [3] 谢英挺, 王伟. 从“多规合一”到空间规划体系重构[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2015(3): 19-25.

  [4] 吴唯佳. 德国城市规划核心法的发展、框架与组织[J]. 国际城市规划, 2000(1): 7-9.

  [5] 仇保兴, 戴永宁, 高红. 法国城市规划与可持续发展的分析与借鉴[J]. 国际城市规划, 2006, 21(3): 1-5.

  [6] 于立. 控制型规划和指导型规划及未来规划体系的发展趋势——以荷兰与英国为例[J]. 国际城市规划, 2011, 26(5): 56-65.

  [7] 李志刚, 吴缚龙, 薛德升“. 后社会主义城市”社会空间分异研究述评[J]. 人文地理, 2006, 21(5): 1-5.

  [8] 王丹. 中东欧“后社会主义”转型城市空间结构研究述评[J]. 国际城市规划, 2011(2): 60-66.

  [9] Statistics Estonia. GDP at current prices per capita, year[EB/OL]. (2018-05-31)[2018-07-22]. https://www.stat.ee/68594.

  [10] HAAS V. A review of urban planning in Tallinn, Estonia: post-Soviet planning initiatives in historic and cultural context[D]. University of Michigan, 2006.

  [11] MART H, NELE N. Spatial planning in Estonia–from a socialist to inclusive perspective[J]. Transylvanian review of administrative sciences, 2016, 12(47): 63-79.

  [12] VANAGAS J, KRISJANE Z, NOORK?IV R, et al. Planning urban systems in Soviet times and in the era of transition: the case of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania[J]. Geographia polonica, 2002, 75(2): 75-100.

  [13] SULTSON S. Replacement of urban space: Estonian post-war town planning principles and local Stalinist industrial towns[J]. Journal of architecture and urbanism, 2016, 40(4): 283-294.

  [14] Statistikaamet. Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2015[M]. Tallinn: Statistikaamet, 2016.

  [15] Kohaliku omavalitsuse korralduse seadus[Z/OL]. (1993)[2018-08-05]. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/122112013003.

  [16] Maareformi seadus[Z/OL]. (1991)[2018-08-05]. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/129062018029.

  [17] Asja?igusseadus[Z/OL]. (1993)[2018-08-05]. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/129062018006.

  [18] Kinnistusraamatuseadus[Z/OL]. (1993)[2018-08-05]. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/129062018016.

  [19] Maamaksu seadus[Z/OL]. (1993)[2018-08-05]. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/104072017102.

  [20] MACURA B, NAYAK B P, SU?KEVI?S M, et al. Local manifestations of international conservation ideologies and biodiversity conflicts in developing economies[J]. Student papers Thor Heyerdahl Summer School in Environmental Governance, 2012(2): 1-29.

  [21] Planeerimisseadus[Z/OL]. (2015)[2018-07-22]. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/114022013003.

  [22] EPL. T?ke: Tallinna city projekt seikunud[N/OL] . (1997-11-15)[2018-10-19]. http://epl.delfi.ee/news/eesti/toke-tallinna-city-projektseikunud?id=50747331.

  [23] AHAS R. Impact of land reform on the nature conservation system in Estonia[R]. Estonia: University of Tartu, 1999.

  [24] SXELENYI I. Cities under socialism–and after[M] // ANDRUSZ G, HARLOE M, SZELENYI I, eds. Cities after socialism: urban and regional change and conflict in post-socialist societies, 1996: 286-317.

  [25] Tallinna ajutise ehitusm??ruse kinnitamine[Z/OL]. (1993)[2018-08-01]. https://oigusaktid.tallinn.ee/index.php?id=3001&aktid=9949.

  [26] RUOPPILA S. Establishing a market-orientated urban planning system after state Socialism: the case of Tallinn[J]. European planning studies, 2007, 15(3): 405-427.

  [27] ALAS J. Tallinn may introduce traffic‘ congestion tax’[N/OL]. (2007-01-10)[2018-10-19]. https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/17100/.

  [28] Ehitusseadustik[Z/OL]. (2015)[2018-07-22]. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/129062018010.

  [29] Siseministeerium (Estonian Ministry of the Interior). National spatial plan Estonia 2030+[R/OL]. (2012-08-30) [2018-10-22]. https://www.siseministeerium.ee/sites/default/files/dokumendid/estonia-2030_en.pdf.

  [30] Tallinna üldplaneering[R/OL]. Tallinn: Tallinna S??stva Arengu ja Planeerimise Amet, 2000. [2018-07-22]. https://www.tallinn.ee/est/ehitus/Tallinna-uldplaneering.

  [31] MARK U, AHAS R. Creation and planning of space. who creates the city? [M] // PAE K, AHAS R, MARK U, eds. Joint space: open sources on mobile positioning and urban studies. Positium Oü, 2006: 96-102.

  [32] JULEGINA A. Institutional and political constraints to planning sustainable settlements in suburban municipalities: case of Tallinn, Estonia[D]. University of Bergen, 2007: 125.

  
  

• 收起