海伦·伍利 著 汤湃 刘孝仪 译

Written by Helen Woolley, Translated by Tang Pai, Liu Xiaoyi

关键词：儿童户外居家活动范围；游戏行为；游戏空间；玩伴；三代人

Keywords：Children’s Home Range; Activities and Play; Playing Spaces; Playing Companions; Three Generations

摘要：

儿童在城市空间中的自由出行范围是评判儿童友好型城市的基本要素之一。然而，儿童的自由出行范围通常由儿童的父母严格管控，在此情况下，“户外居家活动范围”（home range）这一概念为描述“在父母允许的情况下、儿童以家为起点可以独自前往活动的范围”提供了有效的方法。就此课题，世界范围内的研究都指出相似的结果：随着城市化进程深入，城市儿童的户外居家活动范围逐渐缩小。在这样的背景下，该研究于英国英格兰地区的谢菲尔德市进行，主要通过半构建式访谈的形式，辅以不同年代的地图档案，分别对居住在城郊的两个家庭的三代人进行了深入的采访。对比三代人描述的童年经历，结果显示，儿童的户外空间使用体验在以下四个维度均出现了消减：儿童的户外居家活动范围，儿童使用的户外空间类型，户外游戏的种类，以及户外游戏伙伴的数量。

Abstract：

Part of a Chid Friendly City approach relates to the extent to which children can freely use the outdoor environment where they live. Home range, which is the distance a child is allowed to go from home in agreement with their parents, has decreased over several generations in different parts of the world due to urbanisation. The present study conducted a series of semi-structured interviews, accompanied by the archived maps. The interviewees consisted of three generations of two families living in the eastern side of the city Sheffield in North England. The findings revealed reductions across the three generations in four dimensions relating to outdoor play: the home range; the variety of spaces visited by children; the range of the undertaken play activities; and the number of companions they went to a space with, met in a space, and played with.

海伦·伍利，谢菲尔德大学风景园林学系（景观建筑学系），风景园林与社会学副教授

汤湃，英国谢菲尔德大学社会科学学院风景园林系，博士研究生。ptang1@sheffield.ac.uk

刘孝仪，英国谢菲尔德景观建筑系，助教，英国皇家注册景观建筑师。hsiao.liu@sheffield.ac.uk

• [1] UNICEF. Building child friendly cities: a framework for action[R/OL]. (2004)

  [2019-11-29]. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/cfc-frameworkeng.pdf

  [2] UNICEF. United Nations convention on the rights of the child[R/OL].(1989)[2019-11-29]. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/cfcframework-eng.pdf.

  [3] HORELLI L. Constructing a theoretical framework for environmental childfriendliness[J]. Children, youth and environments, 2007, 17(4): 267-292.

  [4] HAIKKOLA L, PACILLI M G, HORELLI L, et al. Interpretations of urban child-friendliness: a comparative study of two neighbourhoods in Helsinki and Rome[J]. Children, youth and environments, 2007, 17(4): 319-351.

  [5] VAN VLIET W, KARSTEN L. Child friendly cities: critical approaches[J]. Children, youth and environments, 2015, 25(2): 1-15.

  [6] WRIDT P, ATMAKUR-JAVDEKAR S, HART R. Spatializing children’s rights: a comparison of toe urban case studies from urban India[J]. Children, youth and environments, 2015, 25(2): 33-85.

  [7] KYLIN M, BODELIUS S A. Lawful space for play: conceptualizind childhood in light of local regulations[J]. Children, youth and environments, 2015, 25(2): 86-106.

  [8] ELLIS G, MONAGHAN J, MCDONALD L. Listening to ‘Generation Jacobs’: a case study for participatory engagement for a child-friendly city[J]. Children, youth and environments, 2015, 25(2): 107-127.

  [9] STEPHENS L, SCOTT H, ASLAM, et al. Inaccessible childhoods: evaluating accessibility in homes, schools and neighbourhoods with disabled children[J]. Children, youth and environments, 2015, 25(2): 1530175.

  [10] FREEMAN C, VAN HEEZIK, HAND K, et al. Making cities more childand nature-friendly: a child-focussed study of nature connectedness in New Zealand cities[J]. Children, youth and environments, 2015, 25(2): 176-207.

  [11] WOOLLEY H. Urban open spaces[M]. London: Spon Press, 2003: 11-35.

  [12] WOOLLEY H. Children and young people’s agency[M]//HACKETT A, PROCTOR L, SEYMOUR J, eds. Children’s spatialities: embodiment, emotion and agency. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 2015: 163-177.

  [13] HART R. Children’s experience of place[M]. New York: Irvington, 1979: 115-118.

  [14] GASTER S. Urban children’s access to their neighbourhood: changes over three generations[J]. Environment and behaviour 1991, 23(1): 70-85.

  [15] SKAR M, KROGH E. Changes in children’s nature-based experiences near home: from spontaneous play to adult-controlled, planned and organised activities[J]. Children’s geographies, 2009, 7(3): 339-354.

  [16] KARSTEN L. It all used to be better? different generations on continuity and change in urban children’s daily use of space[J]. Children’s geographies 2005, 3(3): 275-290.

  [17] KINOSHITA I. Charting generational differences in conceptions and opportunities for play in a Japanese neighborhood[J]. Journal of intergenerational relationships, 2009, 7(1): 53-77.

  [18] WOOLLEY H, GRIFFIN E. Decreasing experiences of home range, outdoor spaces, activities and companions: changes across three generations in Sheffield in northern England[J]. Children’s geographies, 2014, 13(6): 677-691.

  [19] OUTLEY C W, FLOYD M F. The home they live in: inner city children’s views on the influence of parenting strategies on their leisure behavior[J]. Leisure sciences: an interdisciplinary journal, 2002, 24 (2): 161-179.

  [20] VILLANUEVA K, GILES-CORTI B, BULSARA M K, et al. Sex differences in home range and cognitive maps in eight-year old children[J]. Journal of environmental psychology, 1981, 1: 293-302.

  [21] MATTHEWS H M. Gender, home range and environmental cognition[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1987, 12(1): 43-56.

  [22] VALENTINE G, MCKENDRICK J. Children’s outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children’s safety and the changing nature of childhood experience[J]. Environment and behaviour, 1997, 40(1):111-143.

  [23] TANDY C. Children’s diminishing play space: a study of intergenerational change in children’s use of their neighbourhoods[J]. Australian geographical studies, 1999, 37(2): 154-164.

  [24] SPILSBURY C J. ‘We don’t really get to go out in the front yard’-children’s home range and neighbourhood violence[J]. Children’s geographies, 2005, 3(1): 79-99.

  [25] L M. The Concept of home range: new data for the study of territorial behavior[M]//MITCHELL W J. Proceedings of EDRA 3. Los Angeles: Plenum, 1972: 1-7.

  [26] MOORE R, YOUNG D. Childhood outdoors: toward a social ecology of the landscape[M] // ALTMAN I, WOHLWILL J F. Children and the environment. New York: Plenum, 1978: 83-130.

  [27] VALENTINE G. ‘Oh yes I can.’ ‘Oh no you can’t’: children and parents’understandings of kids’ competence to negotiate public space safely[J]. Antipode, 1997, 29(1):65-89.

  [28] SPENCER S, BLADES M. Children and their environments: learning, using and designing spaces[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006: 78-92.

  [29] BLAUT J M, STEA D. Studies of geographic learning [J]. Annals of the association of American geographers, 1971, 61(2): 387-393.

  [30] RISSOTTO A, TONUCCI F. Freedom of movement and environmental knowledge in elementary school children[J]. Journal of environmental psychology, 2002, 22: 65-77.

  
  

• 收起