张婧远 陈培育

Zhang Jingyuan, Tan Puay Yok

关键词：城市公园 ；感知可达性 ；空间可达性 ；测度方法 ；影响因素 ；人本规划

Keywords：Urban Park; Perceived Accessibility; Spatial Accessibility; Assessment Method; Influential Factor; Human-oriented Planning

摘要：

在当前人本规划思潮兴起和信息技术高速发展的背景下，人地关系趋于复杂化并逐渐跨 越了传统的物质空间关系，个体感知与偏好在公园使用行为影响层面上的重要性逐渐彰显，而 基于地理位置的空间可达性无法反映可达性的全貌，在理论和实践中的局限性日益凸显，城市 公园绿地系统的规划与精细化管理亟须将居民的感知纳入参考体系。感知可达性将微观尺度的 个体感知与偏好纳入概念内涵与评估体系，是对空间可达性的重要补充，也是空间分析领域未 来的研究热点。但当前国内外感知可达性领域的理论与实证研究仍然较少，尤其在国内存在较 大的研究空白。本文对感知可达性这一创新性概念和测度体系进行系统性述评，并阐释感知可 达性与传统空间可达性的差异性，以期在理论框架和方法论层面推动感知可达性的发展，从而 填补人本需求这一重要影响因素在规划领域应用的空白，并为人本规划思潮下城市公园的规划 与精细化管理提供理论依据。

Abstract：

Accessibility is one of the most important indicators used in urban park system planning, since the spread of services provided by parks largely depends on park usage, while park usage is closely related to the perceptions of potential park users regarding accessibility. In recent years, with the development of information technology and human-oriented planning agenda, the relationship between human and space tends to be more complex, which gradually transcends the traditional physical spatial relationship, and the importance of personal perceptions and preferences in affecting park use behavior becomes more obvious. However, physical accessibility which is based on geographical locations fails to reflect the whole picture of accessibility, which limits its theoretical and practical applications. Perceived accessibility incorporates microscale perceptions and preferences into its conceptual and assessment system, which is an important complement of physical accessibility. But current studies on the theoretical and practical applications of perceived accessibility are still very limited, especially in China. This paper focuses on the development of assessment of perceived accessibility, systematically reviewed relevant studies in China and overseas countries, and explaines the differences between perceived accessibility and traditional physical accessibility in the aspects of concept, measurement, and practical applications, so as to facilitate the development of theoretical framework and methodology of perceived accessibility, and provide theoretical references for the planning and refined management of urban parks with the prevalence of humanoriented planning agenda.

张婧远（通信作者），博士，哈尔滨工业大学（深圳）建筑学院，助理教授。 jingyuanz@u.nus.edu 

陈培育，博士，新加坡国立大学建筑系，副教授

• [1] NEUTENS T, SCHWANEN T, WITLOX F, et al. Equity of urban service delivery: a comparison of different accessibility measures[J]. Environment and planning a: economy and space, 2010, 42(7): 1613-1635.

  [2] CURL A, NELSON J D, ANABLE J. Does accessibility planning address what matters? a review of current practice and practitioner perspectives[J]. Research in transportation business & management, 2011, 2: 3-11.

  [3] VAN WEE B. Accessible accessibility research challenges[J]. Journal of transport geography, 2016, 51: 9-16.

  [4] INGRAM D R. The concept of accessibility: a search for an operational form[J]. Regional studies, 1971, 5(2): 101-107.

  [5] 徐宁 , 效率与公平视野下的城市公共空间格局研究——以瑞士苏黎世市为例 [J]. 建筑学报 , 2018(6): 16-22.

  [6] 周聪惠 , 精细化理念下的公园绿地集约型布局优化调控方法 [J]. 现代城市研究 , 2015(10): 47-54.

  [7] LEE G, HONG I, Measuring spatial accessibility in the context of spatial disparity between demand and supply of urban park service[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2013, 119: 85-90.

  [8] GEURS K T, VAN WEE B. Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and research directions[J]. Journal of transport geography, 2004, 12(2): 127-140.

  [9] ZHANG X, LU H, HOLT J B. Modeling spatial accessibility to parks: a national study[J]. International journal of health geographics, 2011, 10(1): 31.

  [10] MCCORMACK G R, CERIN E, LESLIE E et al. Objective versus perceived walking distances to destinations: correspondence and predictive validity[J]. Environment and behavior, 2007, 40(3): 401-425.

  [11] L?TTMAN K, OLSSON L E, FRIMAN M. Development and test of the Perceived Accessibility Scale (PAC) in public transport[J]. Journal of transport geography, 2016, 54:  257-263.

  [12] WANG D, BROWN G, ZHONG G P, et al. Factors influencing perceived access to urban parks: a comparative study of Brisbane (Australia) and Zhongshan (China)[J]. Habitat international, 2015, 50: 335-346.

  [13] Kirtland K A, PORTER D E, CHERYL L, et al. Environmental measures of physical activity supports: perception versus reality[J]. American journal of preventive medicine, 2003, 24(4): 323-331.

  [14] 徐磊青 , 城市社区生活圈规划 : 从体系完善到机制创新 [J]. 城市建筑 , 2018(36): 6.

  [15] 徐磊青 , 江文津 , 陈筝 . 公共空间安全感研究 : 以上海城市街景感知为例 [J]. 风景园林 , 2018. 25(7): 23-29.

  [16] LOTFI S, KOOHSARI M J. Analyzing accessibility dimension of urban quality of life: where urban designers face duality between subjective and objective reading of place[J]. Social indicators research, 2009, 94(3): 417-435.

  [17] SCHEEPERS C E, WENDEL-VOS G C W, VAN KEMPEN E, et al. Perceived accessibility is an important factor in transport choice: results from the AVENUE project[J]. Journal of transport & health, 2016, 3(1): 96-106.

  [18] 刘春济 , 高静 . 大都市滨水区感知可达性的维度结构及其关系——以上海市浦江滨水区为例 [J]. 城市问题 , 2017(12): 33-39.

  [19] MCALLISTER D M. Equity and efficiency in public facility location[J]. Geographical analysis, 1976, 8(1): 47-63.

  [20] HANSEN W G. How accessibility shapes land use[J]. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1959, 25(2): 73-76.

  [21] NICHOLLS S. Measuring the accessibility and equity of public parks: a case study using GIS[J]. Managing leisure, 2001, 6(4): 201-219.

  [22] AJZEN I. The theory of planned behavior[J]. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 1991, 50(2): 179-211.

  [23] BUDD J W, MUMFORD K A. Family-friendly work practices in Britain: availability and perceived accessibility[J]. Human resource management, 2006, 45(1): 23-42.

  [24] 柴彦威 , 时间地理学的起源、主要概念及其应用 [J]. 地理科学 , 1998(1): 70-77.

  [25] H?GERSTRAND T. What about people in regional science?[J] Papers of the regional science association, 1970, 24(1): 6-21.

  [26] 李双金 , 马爽 , 张永民 . 郑州主城区公园绿地可达性与访问偏好匹配度的空间格局研究 [J]. 地域研究与开发 , 2019, 38(2): 79-85.

  [27] 张琪 , 谢双玉 , 王晓芳 . 基于空间句法的武汉市旅游景点可达性评价 [J]. 经济地理 , 2015, 35(8): 200-208.

  [28] WANG D, BROWN G, LIU Y. The physical and non-physical factors that influence perceived access to urban parks[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2015, 133: 53-66.

  [29] STANLEY J, VELLA-BRODRICK D. The usefulness of social exclusion to inform social policy in transport[J]. Transport policy, 2009, 16(3): 90-96.

  [30] WANG D, BROWN G, LIU Y, et al. A comparison of perceived and geographic access to predict urban park use[J]. Cities, 2015, 42: 85-96.

  [31] ZHANG J, TAN P Y. Demand for parks and perceived accessibility as key determinants of urban park use behavior[J]. Urban forestry & urban greening, 2019, 44: 126420.

  [32] 袁媛 , 丁凯丽 , 曹新宇 . 社区满意度及影响因素研究方法综述 [J]. 城市发展研究 , 2018, 25(10): 105-111.

  [33] LEE S W, ELLIS C D, KWEON B S, et al. Relationship between landscape structure and neighborhood satisfaction in urbanized areas[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2008, 85(1): 60-70.

  [34] CAMPBELL A, CONVERSE P E, RODGERS W L. Quality of American life, the: perceptions, evaluations, and satisfaction[M]. Russell Sage Foundation, 1976.

  [35] 何芳 , 李晓丽 . 保障性社区公共服务设施供需特征及满意度因子的实证研究——以上海市宝山区顾村镇“四高小区”为例 [J]. 城市规划学

  刊 , 2010(4): 83-90.

  [36] 张磊 , 陈蛟 . 供给需求分析视角下的社区公共服务设施均等化研究 [J]. 规划师 , 2014, 30(5): 25-30.

  [37] 朱菁 , 范颖玲 , 樊帆 . 大城市居民通勤幸福感影响因素研究——以西安市为例 [J]. 城乡规划 , 2018(3): 43-53.

  [38] 赵宇雯 , 陈天 , 臧鑫宇 . 公共服务设施与幸福感相关性及群体差异研究 [J]. 建筑学报 , 2019( 增刊 ): 26-29.

  [39] ROSSI P H. Why families move: a study in the social psychology of urban residential mobility[J]. American journal of sociology, 1956, 62(3): 339-340.

  [40] MORRIS J M, DUMBLE P L, WIGAN M R, Accessibility indicators for transport planning[J]. Transportation research part a: general, 1979, 13(2): 91-109.

  [41] SHAHID R, BERTAZZON S, KNUDTSON M L, et al. Comparison of distance measures in spatial analytical modeling for health service planning[J]. BMC health services research, 2009, 9(1): 200.

  [42] APPARICIO P, ABDELMAJID M, RIVA M et al. Comparing alternative approaches to measuring the geographical accessibility of urban health services: distance types and aggregation-error issues[J]. International journal of health geographics, 2008, 7(1): 7.

  [43] APPARICIO P, SHEARMUR R, BROCHU M, et al. The measure of distance in a social science policy context: advantages and costs of using network distances in eight Canadian metropolitan areas[J]. Journal of geographic information and decision analysis, 2003, 7(2): 105-131.

  [44] BYRNE J, WOLCH J. Nature, race, and parks: past research and future directions for geographic research[J]. Progress in human geography, 2009, 33(6): 743-765.

  [45] CASCETTA E, CARTENì A, MONTANINO M. A behavioral model of accessibility based on the number of available opportunities[J]. Journal of transport geography, 2016, 51: 45-58.

  [46] COHEN R, WEATHERFORD D L. Effects of route traveled on the distance estimates of children and adults[J]. Journal of experimental child psychology, 1980, 29(3): 403-412.

  [47] JONES A, M. HILLSDON M, COOMBES E. Greenspace access, use, and physical activity: understanding the effects of area deprivation[J]. Preventive medicine, 2009, 49(6): 500-505.

  [48] SCOTT D, MUNSON W. Perceived constraints to park usage among individuals with low incomes[J]. Journal of park and recreation administration, 1994, 12(4): 79-96.

  [49] BRUSH R, CHENOWETH R E, BARMAN T. Group differences in the enjoyability of driving through rural landscapes[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2000, 47(1): 39-45.

  [50] SCOTT D, JACKSON E L. Factors that limit and strategies that might encourage people’suse of public parks[J]. Journal of park and recreation administration, 1996, 14(1): 1-17.

  [51] RIES A V, GITTELSOHN J, VOORHEES C C, et al. The environment and urban adolescents’use of recreational facilities for physical activity: a qualitative study[J]. American journal of health promotion, 2008, 23(1): 43-50.

  [52] GIDLOW C, CERIN E, SUGIYAMA T, et al. Objectively measured access to recreational destinations and leisure-time physical activity: associations and demographic moderators in a six-country study[J]. Health & place, 2019, 59: 102196.

  [53] GARCIA J, Gustavson A R. The science of self-report[J/OL]. (1997-01-01)[2020-11-30]. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/the-science-of-self-report.

  [54] NORTHRUP D A. Research, the problem of the self-report in survey research: working paper[R]. Institute for Social Research, York University, 1997.

  [55] COOK T D, CAMBELL D T. Quasi-experimentation: design and analysis issues for field settings[M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979.

  [56] CHAN D. So why ask me? are self report data really that bad?[M] // LANCE C E, VANDENBERG R J, eds. Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: doctrine, verity and fable in the organizational and social sciences. New York: Routledge, 2009:  309-335.

  
  

• 收起