Hu Junhui, Ren Lijian, Yun Yingxia

Keywords： Healthy City; Sustainable Urban Form; Design Patterns; Spatial Planning; Review

Abstract：

With the concept of sustainable development being proposed, the sustainable urban form has increasingly attracted attentions among foreign scholars to deal with urban problems and to sustain the development of urban economy, society and environment. Foreign research results have great significance in the construction of Chinese healthy cities and their transformation developments. From the perspective of healthy cities, this paper sorts out foreign scholars’ research findings on the ideal urban form, which tries to answer the three key logic questions including what the relationship between sustainable development and urban form is, what the sustainable urban form is and how to achieve it. This paper demonstrates the relationship between sustainable development and urban form from economic, social, environmental dimensions; it answers what is a sustainable urban form based on its concept and characteristics then it also explores how to achieve a sustainable one by studying design form patterns, research dimensions, quantitative evaluation methods, the model technology and the implementation of policies. After evaluating current researches on sustainable urban from in China, this paper finally points out the importance of previous foreign work in guiding Chinese research in design principles, research techniques and methods, emphasis on spatial planning and environmental planning.

Funds：

• [1] JABAREEN Y R. Sustainable urban forms their typologies, models, and concepts[J]. Journal of planning education and research, 2006, 26: 38-52.

  [2] US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Our built and natural environments: a technical review of the interactions between land use, transportation, and environmental quality[R]. 2001.

  [3] BREHENY, M. Sustainable development and urban form[M]. London: Pion, 1992.

  [4] 荆其敏, 张丽安. 图解环境设计[M]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2009.

  [5] 孙施文. 现代城市规划理论[M]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2007.

  [6] 张京祥. 西方城市规划思想史纲[M]. 南京: 东南大学出版社, 2005.

  [7] K?RRHOLM M. The scaling of sustainable urban form: A case of scalerelated issues and sustainable planning in Malm?, Sweden[J]. European planning studies, 2011, 19(1): 97-111.

  [8] COCHRAN F V, BRUNSELL N A. Biophysical metrics for detecting more sustainable urban forms at the global scale[J]. International journal of sustainable built environment, 2017, 6(2): 372-388.

  [9] KOTHARKAR R, BAHADURE P, SARDA N. Measuring compact urban form: a case of Nagpur city, India[J]. Sustainability, 2014, 6(7): 4246-4272.

  [10] MASNAVI M R. Sustainable urban forms planning and design strategies: the compact city, urban sprawl, and mixed use development in theory and practice[M]. Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011.

  [11] LYNCH K. A theory of good city form[M]. Cambridge: MA, MIT Press, 1981.

  [12] WENTZ E A, YORK A M, ALBERTI M, et al. Six fundamental aspects for conceptualizing multidimensional urban form: A spatial mapping perspective[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2018, 179: 55–62.

  [13] C JONES, C LEISHMAN, C MACDONALD. Sustainable urban form and residential development viability[J]. Environment and planning a, 2009, 41: 1667-1690.

  [14] PILI S, GRIGORIADIS E, CARLUCCI M, et al. Towards sustainable growth? a multi-criteria assessment of (changing) urban forms[J]. Ecological indicators, 2017, 76: 71-80.

  [15] WILLIAMS K, BURTON E, JENKS M. Achieving sustainable urban form[M]. London: E & FN Spon Press, 2000.

  [16] BANISTER D, WATSON S, WOOD C. sustainable cities: transport, energy, and urban form[J]. Environment and planning b: planning and design, 1997, 24: 125-143.

  [17] JENKS M, BURGESS R. Compact cities: sustainable urban forms for developing countries[M]. London: E & FN Spon Press, 2000.

  [18] GROSVENOR M, O’NEILL P. The density debate in urban research: an alternative approach to representing urban structure and form[J]. Geographical research, 2014, 52(4): 442-458.

  [19] MARETTO M. Teaching urban morphology in a sustainable perspective[M]. Springer, 2018.

  [20] THOMAS S. “The Future is Urban” Challenge of sustainable urban development in the Caribbean: the search for sustainable urban forms[C]. 49th ISOCARP Congress, 2013.

  [21] TALEN E. Sprawl retrofit: sustainable urban form in unsustainable places[J]. Environment and planning b, 2011, 38: 952-978.

  [22] BIBRIA S E, KROGSITE J. ICT of the new wave of computing for sustainable urban forms: their big data and context-aware augmented typologies and design concepts[J]. Journal of sustainable cities and society, 2017, 32: 449-474.

  [23] USMAN A S, ZAKRI W M. Towards sustainable urban form: a comparative analysis of two urban neighbourhoods in Kano, Nigeria[J]. Advanced science letters, 2017, 23(7): 6367-6371.

  [24] WILLIAMS K, BURTON E, JENKS M. The compact city: a sustainable urban form?[M]. London: E & FN Spon Press, 2003.

  [25] ALAWADI K. Rethinking Dubai’s urbanism: generating sustainable formbased urban design strategies for an integrated neighborhood[J]. Cities, 2017, 60: 353-366.

  [26] CHURCHMAN A. Disentangling the concept of density[J]. Journal of planning literature, 1999, 13(4): 389-411.

  [27] LOHREY S, CREUTZIG F. A ‘sustainability window’ of urban form[J]. Journal of transportation research part d, 2016, 45: 96-111.

  [28] COPPOLA P, PAPA E, ANGIELLO G, et al. Urban form and sustainability: the case study of Rome[J]. Procedia - social and behavioral sciences, 2014, 160: 557-566.

  [29] WILLIAMS K. Spatial planning, urban form and sustainable transport[M]. London: Ashgate, 2005.

  [30] JANE J. The death and life of great American cities[M]. New York: Random House, 1961.

  [31] TURNER R S, MURRAY M S. Managing growth in a climate of urban diversity: South Florida’s Eastward Ho! Initiative[J]. Journal of planning education and research, 2001, 20: 308-328.

  [32] THOMAS R, FORDHA M. Sustainable urban design: an environmental approach[M]. London: Spon Press, 2003: 46-88.

  [33] IBRAHIM R, MUSHATAT R, ABDELMONEM M G. The role of urban pattern indicators for sustainable urban forms in the developed countries[C]. Erbil International Conference on Architecture and Urbanism, 2016.

  [34] FREY H. Designing the city: towards a more sustainable form[M]. London: E&FN Spon Press, 1999.

  [35] SHARIF A. Resilient urban forms: a review of literature on streets and street networks[J]. Building and environment. 2019, 147: 171-187.

  [36] DANTZING G B, Saaty T. Compact city: a plan for a livable urban environment[D]. San Francisco: W H Freeman, 1973.

  [37] FREEWAN A A Y, GHARAIBEH A A, JAMHAWI M M. Improving daylight performance of light wells in residential buildings: nourishing compact sustainable urban form[J]. Sustainable cities and society, 2014, 13: 32-40.

  [38] HOLDEN E, NORLAND I T. Three challenges for the compact city as a sustainable urban form: household consumption of energy and transport in eight residential areas in the Greater Oslo Region[J]. Urban studies, 2005, 42(12): 2145-2166.

  [39] NEUMAN M. The compact city fallacy[J]. Journal of planning education and research, 2005, 25: 11-26.

  [40] N?SS P. Urban form, sustainability and health: the case of greater Oslo[J]. European planning studies, 2013: 1-20.

  [41] MOBARAKI O, MOHAMMADI J, ZARABI A. Urban form and sustainable development: the case of Urmia city[J]. Journal of geography and geology, 2012, 4(2): 1-12.

  [42] BERTAUD A. Metropolis: a measure of the spatial organization of 7 large cities[R/OL]. (2001-04-29)[2018-12-31]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238775276.

  [43] ELKIN T, MCLAREN D, HILLMAN M. Reviving the city: towards sustainable urban development[M]. London: Friends of the Earth, 1991.

  [44] SHERLOCK H. Cities are good for us[M]. London: Paladin, 1991.

  [45] ENWICHT D. Towards an eco-city: calming the traffic[M]. Sydney: Envirobook, 1992.

  [46] HOLDEN E. Ecological footprints and sustainable urban form[J]. Journal of housing and the built environment, 2004, 19(1): 91-109.

  [47] HAUGHTON G, HUNTER C. Sustainable cities[M]. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1994: 121-122.

  [48] FENG X, AKIMASA F, ZHANG J. Exploring sustainable urban forms for developing city based on new integrated model[J]. Journal of transportation systems engineering and information technology, 2008, 8(5): 50-60.

  [49] JENKS M, KOZAK D, TAKKANON P. World cities and urban form[M]. Routledge, 2008.

  [50] KAWAKAMI M, SHEN Z, PAI J, et al. Spatial planning and sustainable development: approaches for achieving sustainable urban form in Asian cities[M]. Springer, 2013.

  [51] BABALIK-SUTCLIFFE E. Urban form and sustainable transport: lessons from the Ankara case[J]. International journal of sustainable transportation, 2013, 7(5): 416-430.

  [52] ARDIWIJAYA V S, SUMARDI T P, SUGANDA E, et al. Rejuvenating idle land to sustainable urban form: case study of Bandung metropolitan area, Indonesia[J]. Procedia environmental sciences, 2015, 28: 176-184.

  [53] XU J. From walking buffers to active places: an activity-based approach to measure human-scale urban form[J/OL]. Landscape and urban planning. (2018-10-01)[2018-12-31]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204618311083.

  [54] MANESH S V, TADI M. Sustainable urban morphology emergence via complex adaptive system analysis: sustainable design in existing context[J]. Procedia engineering, 2011(21): 89-97.

  [55] HENCKEL D, THOMAIER S, K?NECKE B, et al. Space–time design of the public city[M]. Springer, 2013: 75-86.

  [56] EDELTRAUD H, BARBARA S, ALEXANDER R, et al. Time-use patterns and sustainable urban form: a case study to explore potential links[J]. Sustainability, 2015, 7: 8022-8050.

  [57] ARUNDEL R. The role of urban form in sustainability of community: the case of Amsterdam[J]. Environment and planning b: urban analytics and city science, 2017, 44(1): 33-53.

  [58] CILLIERS E J, SCHOEMAN C B. The urban development boundary as a planning tool for sustainable urban form[J]. Transactions on ecology and the environment, 2008, 117: 85-94.

  [59] BIBRI S E. Smart sustainable cities of the future[M]. Springer International Publishing, 2017.

  [60] YIGITCANLAR T, LEE S H. Korean ubiquitous-eco-city: a smart-sustainable urban form or a branding hoax?[J]. Technological forecasting and social change, 2014, 89: 100-114.

  [61] HANDAYANTO R T, TRIPATHI N K. KIM S M, et al. Achieving a sustainable urban form through land use optimisation: insights from Bekasi city’s land-use plan (2010–2030)[J]. Sustainability. 2017, 9(2): 221-239.

  [62] European Environment Agency. Urban sprawl in Europe: the ignored challenge[R]. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2006.

  [63] 林仲煜. 近郊新城可持续形态的构建[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2009.

  [64] 杨东峰. 可持续城市形态：物质空间规划价值的重新发现[J]. 中国名城, 2012(11): 10-17.

  [65] 戴松茁 .“ 密集／分散”到“紧凑／松散”——可持续城市形态和上海青浦规划再思考[J]. 时代建筑, 2005(5): 90-95.

  [66] 李琳. 紧凑城市中“紧凑”概念释义[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2008(3): 41-45.

  [67] 陈岚. 基于生态准则的成都城市形态可持续发展研究[D]. 天津大学,  2010.

  [68] 段龙龙, 陈有真. 紧凑型生态城市：城市可持续发展的前沿理念[J]. 现代城市研究, 2013(11): 72-78.

  [69] 黎夏, 叶嘉安. 约束性单元自动演化CA 模型及可持续城市发展形态的模拟[J]. 地理学报, 1999(4): 3-12.

  [70] 宛素春. 城市空间形态解析[M]. 北京: 科学出版社. 2004.

  [71] 杨滔. 从空间句法角度看可持续发展的城市形态[J]. 北京规划建设, 2008(4): 93-100.

  [72] 赵倩. 走向可持续的城市空间组织与量化方法研究[D]. 南京: 东南大学. 2017.

  [73] 胡俊辉, 任利剑, 刘丽荣, 等. 基于要素分析视角的郑州市城市形态演进模型构建[J]. 桂林理工大学学报, 2018, 38(2): 263-268.

  [74] 闫水玉, 王正, 赵珂. 重庆云阳县城可持续的城市形态规划[J]. 城市规划, 2010, 34(6): 75-79.

  [75] 陈潇玮, 田斌. 城市形态与可持续发展——以欧美国家棕色土地规划设计为例[J]. 生态经济, 2011(7): 147-150; 153.

  [76] 孟兆阳. 滨水生态社区可持续城市形态研究[C] // 中国城市科学研究会，海南省规划委员会， 海口市人民政府, 2017 城市发展与规划论文集, 2017: 1801-1807.

  [77] 刘军. 滨水住区可持续城市形态策略研究[D]. 天津: 天津大学. 2007.

  [78] LANG W, CHEN T, CHAN E H W. Understanding livable dense urban form for shaping the landscape of community facilities in Hong Kong using fine-scale measurements[J]. Cities, 2019, 84: 34-45.

  [79] 崔瑛. 可持续发展的城市形态思考[C] // 中国城市规划学会. 2008 中国城市规划年会论文集, 2008: 1942-1947.