Ming Juan, Wang Mingliang, Zhang Yi

Keywords： Social Housing; Social Housing Associations; Financing and Operating Mechanism; Policy Tools; Institutional Advantages

Abstract：

As a typical representative of the Nordic welfare state, Denmark has established a social housing system that covers a wide range of populations and guarantees high quality. Denmark’s social housing system benefits from a sustainable public financial support, and regulations aiming to improve the performance of the non-profit social housing organizations. These non-profit organizations, named social housing associations, provide an effective supply of third-party products. This housing system has a unique capability to balance the equality and efficiency, because of a series of policy explorations in rent principles, resident democracy, rent subsidies, government direct investment, housing allocation, and the planning approval processes. The social housing development experience of Denmark brings several important implications to China, particularly on improving the productivity of Chinese affordable housing. These lessons include raising the proportion of third-party supply in rental markets, creating a co-funding mechanism for social housings, and adjusting the government intervention and control.

Funds：

• [1] 韩喜平, 周玲玲. 保障性住房如何实现分配正义[J]. 人民论坛·学术前沿, 2015(8): 70-77.

  [2] 宋伟轩. 大城市保障性住房空间布局的社会问题与治理途径[J]. 城市发展研究, 2011(8): 103-108.

  [3] 陈杰. 我国保障性住房的供给与融资：回顾与展望[J]. 现代城市研究, 2010(9): 13-17.

  [4] 王一. 多中心治理视角下的保障性住房问题研究[J]. 学术探索, 2014(11): 56-60.

  [5] GIBB K, WHITEHEAD C. Towards the more effective use of housing finance and subsidy[J]. Housing studies, 2007, 22(2): 183-200.

  [6] NIELSEN R S, HAAGERUP C D. The Danish social housing sector: recent changes and future challenges[J]. Critical housing analysis, 2017, 4(1): 142-149.

  [7] SCANLON K, WHITEHEAD C, ARRIGOITIA M F. Social housing in Europe[M]. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.

  [8] VESTERGAARD H, SCANLON K. Social housing in Denmark[M]. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.

  [9] PITTINI A, KOESSL G, DIJOL J, et al. The state of housing in the EU[M]. Brussels: The European Federation of Cooperative and Social Housing, 2017.

  [10] JENSEN J O, STENSGAARD A G. Affordable housing as a niche product: the case of the Danish “Social Housing Plus”[R]. Tirana: ENHR Conference, 2017.

  [11] TSENKOVA S, VESTERGAARD H. Social housing provision in Copenhagen[R]. ENHR International Conference Sustainable Urban Areas, 2011.

  [12] SCANLON K, ARRIGOITIA F M, WHITEHEAD C M E. Social housing in Europe[J]. European policy analysis, 2015, 17: 1-12.

  [13] PITTINI A, LAINO E. Housing Europe review 2012: the nuts and bolts of European social housing systems[M]. Brussels: CECODHAS Housing Europe’s Observatory, 2011.

  [14] ENGBERG L A,VOXTED S. Social housing in Denmark[R]. Roskilde University, 2016.

  [15] VIDALFOLCH L. Securing social conquests in and beyond the state: the case of Denmark’s“ common housing”[R]. Bologna, Italy: IASC Thematic Conference on the Urban Commons, 2015.

  [16] AGGER A, JENSEN J O. Area-based initiatives-and their work in bonding, bridging and linking social capital[J]. European planning studies, 2015, 23(10): 2045-2061.

  [17] ALVES S. Poles apart? a comparative study of housing policies and outcomes in Portugal and Denmark[J]. Housing, theory and society, 2017, 34(2): 221-248.

  [18] KRISTENSEN H. Housing in Denmark[R]. Copenhagen: Centre for Housing and Welfare, 2007.

  [19] BORG I. Housing deprivation in Europe: on the role of rental tenure types[J]. Housing, theory and society, 2015, 32(1): 73-93.

  [20] SCANLON K, VESTEGAARD H. Social housing in Denmark[M]. London: London School of Economics and Political Sciences, 2007.

  [21] ALVES S, ANDERSEN H T. Social housing in Portugal and Denmark: a comparative perspective[C]. Aalborg: Aalborg University, 2015.

  [22] CRUMP J. Deconcentration by demolition: public housing, poverty, and urban policy[J]. Environment and planning d: society and space, 2002, 20(5): 581-596.

  [23] MASSEY D S, KANAIAUPUNI S M. Public housing and the concentration of poverty[J]. Social science quarterly, 1993, 74(1): 109-122.

  [24] Statistics Denmark. Statistical Yearbook 2017[M]. Copenhagen: Statistics Denmark, 2017.

  [25] ERLANDSEN E, LUNDSGAARD J, HUEFNER F. The Danish housing market: less subsidy and more flexibility[R]. Paris: OECD, 2006.

  [26] NIELSEN B G. Is breaking up still hard to do?-policy retrenchment and housing policy change in a path dependent context[J]. Housing, theory and society, 2010, 27(3): 241-257.

  [27] LUNDE J. Lack of balance in after-tax returns-lack of tenure neutrality: the Danish case[R]. European Real Estate Society, 2004.

  [28] BLUCHER G. Physical planning[M] // Housing and Housing Policy in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2004.

  [29] JENSEN J O, STENSGAARD A G. Creating affordable housing through self-management: experiences from a Danish concept[R]. Boligforsker Seminar, 2016.

  [30] SCANLONN K, WHITEHEAD C. Conclusion[R]. Real Estate Issues: Social Housing in Europe. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.