Lin Zhongjie, Lee Ming-Chun, Xie Wenlong, Qiu Zhiyong

Keywords： Smart Growth; Charlotte; New South City; Urban Transformation; Transit-oriented Development

Abstract：

As one of the New South cities in the United States, Charlotte has been influenced by the smart growth theory and experienced rapid economic and population growth in the last two decades. Its urban structure, transportation system, and open space system have also undergone fundamental transformations. This paper analyzes the implementation process of planning policy on smart growth and its positive effects on equity, environment and economy. It also focuses on the factors that determine the effective implementation of smart growth policies. Charlotte Center City Partners is the key organization to guarantee the implementation of planning policy; and the Light Rail public space system represents a key area to implement the smart growth policies with positive economic and social impacts. It aims to shed new lights on the sustainable development of cities under post-industrial transition.

Funds：

• [1] YONTO D, THILL J-C. Gentrification in the U.S. New South: evidence from two types of African American communities in Charlotte[J]. Cities, 2020, 97: 102475. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102475. 

  [2] 宋彦 , 许杰兰 , 张永平 . 城乡规划纳入公共 政策 ：城市增长管理政策工具经验 [J].《规 划师》论丛 , 2012(00): 2-7. 

  [3] GRANT J L, TSENKOVA S. New urbanism and smart growth movements[J]. International encyclopedia of housing and home, 2012(8): 120-126. 

  [4] 吴放 . 美国夏洛特市 TOD 发展概况及 TOD 车站类型分类方法 [J]. 国际城市规划 , 2013, 28(1): 121-125. 

  [5] JENSEN S. Here is why Charlotte became the fastest growing city in the country over the past decade[EB/OL]. (2017)[2019-12-16]. http://www.charlottestories.com/heres-charlottebecame-fastest-growing-city-country-pastdecade/. 

  [6] KOTKIN J. The cities creating the most tech jobs in 2017[EB/OL]. (2017)[2019- 12-16]. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ joelkotkin/2017/03/16/technology-jobs-2017- sanfrancisco-charlotte-detroit/#50b551b038f6. 

  [7] GODSCHALK D. Land use planning challenges: coping with conflicts in vision of sustainable development and livable communities[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004, 70(1): 5-15. 

  [8] MUNIER N. Introduction to sustainability: road to a better future[M]. Ottawa: Springer, 2005. 

  [9] PORTER D. The practice of sustainable development[M]. Idaho: Hidden Springs, 2000. 

  [10] PORTER D. Making smart growth work[M]. Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute, 2002. 

  [11] EPA. Smart growth[R]. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. 

  [12] 王丹 , 王士君 . 美国“新城市主义”与“精 明增长”发展观解读 [J]. 国际城市规划 , 2007(2): 61-66. 

  [13] 何自力 . 如何认识西方“大市场小政府”的 市场经济模式 [J]. 红旗文稿 , 2014(22): 16-19. 

  [14] Charlotte Center City Partners. Charlotte rail trail framework plan[Z]. 2015. 

  [15] 王兰 , 刘刚 . 20 世纪下半叶美国城市更新 中的角色关系变迁 [J]. 国际城市规划 , 2007, 22(4): 21-26. 

  [16] 黄静 , 王诤诤 . 上海市旧区改造的模式创新 研究 ：来自美国城市更新三方合作伙伴关 系的经验 [J]. 城市发展研究 , 2015, 22(1): 86- 93. 

  [17] 姚之浩 , 曾海鹰 . 1950 年代以来美国城市 更新政策工具的演化与规律特征 [J]. 国际 城市规划, 2018, 33(4): 18-24. DOI: 10.22217/ upi.2017.413. 

  [18] Charlotte Center City Partners. Charlotte Center City 2020 vision plan[Z]. 2011: 32-33. 

  [19] Gehl Architects and Charlotte Center City Partners. Public Space Plan, Charlotte, NC[Z]. 2015. 

  [20] BRUCE S, APPLEYARD A, ALEXANDER R, et al. Are all transit stations equal and equitable? calculating sustainability, livability, health, & equity performance of smart growth & transit-oriented-development(TOD)[J]. Journal of transport & health, 2019, 14: 100584. 

  [21] ARTMANN M, KOHLER M, MEINEL G, et al. How smart growth and green infrastructure can mutually support each other – a conceptual framework for compact and green cities[J]. Ecological indicators, 2019, 96: 10-22. 

  [22] Charlotte-Mecklenburg Planning Department. Transportation action plan[Z]. 2016. 

  [23] Mecklenburg County Park and Recreation. Benefits of Greenways, Mecklenburg County greenway master plan[Z]. 2008. 

  [24] 陈锦富 , 任丽娟 , 徐小磊 , 等 . 城市空间增 长管理研究述评 [J]. 城市规划 , 2018, 33(10): 19-24. 

  [25] Charlotte-Mecklenburg Planning Department. Transit station area plan[Z]. 2013. 

  [26] KE Y, GKRITZA K. Light rail transit and housing markets in Charlotte-Mecklenburg County, North Carolina: announcement and operations effects using quasi-experimental methods[J]. Journal of transport geography, 2019, 76: 212-220. 

  [27] Charlotte Center City Partners. Development report–South End[R]. 2017. 

  [28] Historic South End, Steering Committee. South End vision plan[Z]. 2017. 

  [29] Charlotte Center City Partners. Charlotte rail trail public art master plan[Z]. 2015. 

  [30] ANBINDER J. Charlotte’s transit among nation’s worst. the Charlotte observer[EB/ OL]. (2016) [2019-12-16]. http://www. charlotteobserver.com/opinion/op-ed/ article77481647. 

  [31] 邱志勇 , 杨凌 . 轨道交通站域开发的协同效 应研究 [J]. 城市建筑 , 2010(4): 18-20. 

  [32] PORTILLO E. Charlotte has enough housing for moderate-income people. low income? that’s different. the Charlotte observer[EB/ OL]. (2017) [2019-12-16]. http://www. charlotteobserver.com/news/business/ biz-columns-blogs /development/ article 169882122.html.