DOI: 10.19830/j.upi.2023.259
Community-engaged Heat Resilience Planning: Lessons from a Youth Smart City STEM Program

Keywords: Heat Resilience; Community Engagement; Youth Engagement; Smart Cities; Environmental Literacy; STEM Education

Abstract:

While recognition of the dangers of extreme heat in cities continues to grow, heat resilience remains a relatively new area of urban planning. One barrier to the creation and successful implementation of neighborhood-scale heat resilience plans has been a lack of reliable strategies for resident engagement. In this research, the authors designed a two-week summer STEM module for youth ages 12 to 14 in Roanoke, Virginia in the Southeastern United States. Participants collected and analyzed temperature and thermal comfort data of varying types, including from infrared thermal cameras and point sensors, handheld weather sensors, drones, and satellites, vehicle traverses, and student peer interviews. Based on primary data gathered during the program, we offer insights that may assist planners seeking to engage residents in neighborhood-scale heat resilience planning efforts. These lessons include recognizing: (1) the problem of heat in neighborhoods and the social justice aspects of heat distribution may not be immediately apparent to residents; (2) a need to shift perceived responsibility of heat exposure from the personal and home-based to include the social and landscape-based; (3) the inextricability of solutions for thermal comfort from general issues of safety and comfort in neighborhoods; and (4) that smart city technologies and high resolution data are helpful “hooks” to engagement, but may be insufficient for shifting perception of heat as something that can be mitigated through decisions about the built environment.

Funds:

Brief Info of Author(s):

References:
  • [1] EBI K L, BOLE A, SHIMAMOTO M M, et al. Human health[R]// Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2018.

    [2] HABEEB D, VARGO J, STONE B. Rising heat wave trends in large US cities[J]. Natural hazards, 2015, 76(3): 1651-1665.

    [3] RUSSELL D, GAWTHROP E, PENNEY V, et al. Deadly heat is killing Americans: climate death toll rises after a decade of federal inaction[N/OL]. (2020). The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/16/climate-deaths-heat-cdc. 

    [4] CLARK S S, CHESTER M V, SEAGER T P, et al. The vulnerability of interdependent urban infrastructure systems to climate change: could Phoenix experience a Katrina of extreme heat?[J]. Sustainable and resilient infrastructure, 2019, 4(1): 21-35.

    [5] US EPA. Reducing urban heat islands: compendium of strategies[J/OL]. (2008-01-23). https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-compendium.

    [6] HOFFMAN J S, SHANDAS V, PENDLETON N. The effects of historical housing policies on resident exposure to intra-urban heat: a study of 108 US urban areas[J]. Climate, 2020, 8(1): 12.

    [7] SAARONI H, BEN-DOR E, BITAN A, et al. Spatial distribution and microscale characteristics of the urban heat island in Tel-Aviv, Israel[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2000, 48(1-2): 1-18.

    [8] WILSON B. Urban heat management and the legacy of redlining[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2020, 86(4): 443-457.

    [9] DIALESANDRO J, BRAZIL N, WHEELER S, et al. Dimensions of thermal inequity: neighborhood social demographics and urban heat in the Southwestern US[J]. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021, 18(3): 941.

    [10] KLINENBERG E. Heat wave: a social autopsy of disaster in Chicago[M]. University of Chicago Press, 2003.

    [11] WEBER S, SADOFF N, ZELL E, et al. Policy-relevant indicators for mapping the vulnerability of urban populations to extreme heat events: a case study of Philadelphia[J]. Applied geography, 2015, 63: 231-243.

    [12] KEITH L, MEEROW S, WAGNER T. Planning for extreme heat: a review[J]. Journal of extreme events, 2019, 6(03n04): 2050003.

    [13] MEEROW S, KEITH L. Planning for extreme heat: a national survey of US planners[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2021, 88(3): 319-334.

    [14] KEITH L, MEEROW S, HONDULA D M, et al. Deploy heat officers, policies and metrics[J]. Nature, 2021, 598(7879): 29-31.

    [15] MEEROW S, NEWELL J P, STULTS M. Defining urban resilience: a review[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2016, 147: 38-49.

    [16] LI D, BOU-ZEID E. Synergistic interactions between urban heat islands and heat waves: the impact in cities is larger than the sum of its parts[J]. Journal of applied meteorology and climatology, 2013, 52(9): 2051-2064.

    [17] KEITH L, MEEROW S. Planning for urban heat resilience[R]. American Planning Association, 2022.

    [18] BEY G, MCDOUGALL C, SCHOEDINGER S. Report on the NOAA Office of Education Environmental Literacy Program Community Resilience Education Theory of Change[R]. 2020.

    [19] FRANK K I. The potential of youth participation in planning[J]. Journal of planning literature, 2006, 20(4): 351-371.

    [20] LAWSON D F. Intergenerational learning and climate change: empowering children to be a solution now and in the future[D]. North Carolina State University, 2019.

    [21] TROTT C D. Climate change education for transformation: exploring the affective and attitudinal dimensions of children’s learning and action[J]. Environmental education research, 2021, 28(7): 1023-1042.

    [22] HERIS M P, MIDDEL A, MULLER B. Impacts of form and design policies on urban microclimate: assessment of zoning and design guideline choices in urban redevelopment projects[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2020, 202: 103870.

    [23] LARSEN L. Urban climate and adaptation strategies[J]. Frontiers in ecology and the environment, 2015, 13(9): 486-492.

    [24] STONE B, VARGO J, HABEEB D. Managing climate change in cities: will climate action plans work?[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2012, 107(3): 263-271.

    [25] VARGO J, STONE B, HABEEB D, et al. The social and spatial distribution of temperature-related health impacts from urban heat island reduction policies[J]. Environmental science & policy, 2016, 66: 366-374.

    [26] MIDDEL A , CHHETRI N, QUAY R. Urban forestr y and cool roofs: assessment of heat mitigation strategies in Phoenix residential neighborhoods[J]. Urban forestry & urban greening, 2015, 14(1): 178-186.

    [27] STONE JR B, LANZA K, MALLEN E, et al. Urban heat management in Louisville, Kentucky: a framework for climate adaptation planning[J]. Journal of planning education and research, 2019: 0739456X19879214.

    [28] DARE R. A review of local-level land use planning and design policy for urban heat island mitigation[J]. Journal of extreme events, 2019, 6(03n04):2050002.

    [29] OKE T R. The energetic basis of the urban heat island[J]. Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1982, 108(455): 1-24.

    [30] STONE JR B, RODGERS M O. Urban form and thermal efficiency: how the design of cities influences the urban heat island effect[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2001, 67(2): 186.

    [31] PARK J, KIM J-H, SOHN W, et al. Urban cooling factors: do small greenspaces outperform building shade in mitigating urban heat island intensity?[J]. Urban forestry & urban greening, 2021, 64: 127256.

    [32] BARTESAGHI-KOC C, HADDAD S, PIGNATTA G, et al. Can urban heat be mitigated in a single urban street? monitoring, strategies, and performance results from a real scale redevelopment project[J]. Solar energy, 2021, 216: 564-588.

    [33] STONE JR B, MALLEN E, RAJPUT M, et al. Compound climate and infrastructure events: how electrical grid failure alters heat wave risk[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2021, 55(10): 6957-6964.

    [34] SAILOR D J, BANIASSADI A, O’LENICK C R, et al. The growing threat of heat disasters[J]. Environmental research letters, 2019, 14(5): 054006.

    [35] THOMSON H, SIMCOCK N, BOUZAROVSKI S, et al. Energy poverty and indoor cooling: an overlooked issue in Europe[J]. Energy and buildings, 2019, 196: 21-29.

    [36] LUNDGREN K, KUKLANE K, GAO C, et al. Effects of heat stress on working populations when facing climate change[J]. Industrial health, 2013, 51(1): 3-15.

    [37] GUARDARO M, MESSERSCHMIDT M, HONDULA D M, et al. Building community heat action plans story by story: a three neighborhood case study[J]. Cities, 2020, 107: 102886.

    [38] HANSEN A, BI P, NITSCHKE M, et al. The effect of heat waves on mental health in a temperate Australian city[J]. Environmental health perspectives, 2008, 116(10): 1369-1375.

    [39] PERERA C, ZASLAVSKY A, CHRISTEN P, et al. Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by internet of things[J]. Transactions on emerging telecommunications technologies, 2014, 25(1): 81-93.

    [40] ZANELLA A, BUI N, CASTELLANI A, et al. Internet of things for smart cities[J]. IEEE internet of things journal, 2014, 1(1): 22-32.

    [41] BATTY M. Big data, smart cities and city planning[J]. Dialogues in human geography, 2013, 3(3): 274-279.

    [42] BATTY M. Inventing future cities[M]. MIT press, 2018.

    [43] WESTRAADT L, CALITZ A. A modelling framework for integrated smart city planning and management[J]. Sustainable cities and society, 2020, 63: 102444.

    [44] COWLEY R, CAPROTTI F. Smart city as anti-planning in the UK[J]. Environment and planning d: society and space, 2019, 37(3): 428-448.

    [45] EVANS J, KARVONEN A, LUQUE-AYALA A, et al. Smart and sustainable cities? pipedreams, practicalities and possibilities[J]. Local environment, 2019, 24(7): 557-564.

    [46] GOODSPEED R. Smart cities: moving beyond urban cybernetics to tackle wicked problems[J]. Cambridge journal of regions, economy and society, 2015, 8(1): 79-92.

    [47] GROSSI G, PIANEZZI D. Smart cities: utopia or neoliberal ideology?[J]. Cities, 2017, 69: 79-85.

    [48] KITCHIN R. The real-time city? big data and smart urbanism[J]. GeoJournal, 2014, 79(1): 1-14.

    [49] D’IGNAZIO C, GORDON E, CHRISTOFORETTI E. Sensors and civics: toward a community-centered smart city[M] // CARDULLO P, DI FELICIANTONIO C, KITCHIN R, eds. The right to the smart city. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019.

    [50] JOHNSON P A, ROBINSON P J, PHILPOT S. Type, tweet, tap, and pass: how smart city technology is creating a transactional citizen[J]. Government information quarterly, 2020, 37(1): 101414.

    [51] ALLAM Z, DHUNNY Z A. On big data, artificial intelligence and smart cities[J]. Cities, 2019, 89: 80-91.

    [52] YIGITCANLAR T, KAMRUZZAMAN M, BUYS L, et al. Understanding ‘smart cities’: intertwining development drivers with desired outcomes in a multidimensional framework[J]. Cities, 2018, 81: 145-160.

    [53] MEEROW S, MITCHELL C L. Weathering the storm: the politics of urban climate change adaptation planning[J]. Environment and planning a: economy and space, 2017, 49(11): 2619-2627.

    [54] CHOU P-N. Skill development and knowledge acquisition cultivated by maker education: evidence from arduino-based educational robotics[J]. Eurasia journal of mathematics, science and technology education, 2018, 14(10): em1600.

    [55] GOMOLL A, HMELO-SILVER C E, ?ABANOVI? S, et al. Dragons, ladybugs, and softballs: girls’ STEM engagement with human-centered robotics[J]. Journal of science education and technology, 2016, 25(6): 899-914.

    [56] GROHS J R, GILLEN A L, MATUSOVICH H M, et al. Building community capacity for integrating engineering in rural middle school science classrooms[J]. The journal of STEM outreach, 2020, 3(1); 1-12.

    [57] PEPPLER K. STEAM-powered computing education: Using e-textiles to integrate the arts and STEM[J]. Computer, 2013, 46(9): 38-43.

    [58] EGUCHI A. RoboCupJunior for promoting STEM education, 21st century skills, and technological advancement through robotics competition[J]. Robotics and autonomous systems, 2016, 75: 692-699.

    [59] HALSETH G, DODDRIDGE J. Children’s cognitive mapping: a potential tool for neighbourhood planning[J]. Environment and planning b: planning and design, 2000, 27(4): 565-582.

    [60] LIBEN L S, MYERS L J. Developmental changes in children’s understanding of maps: what, when, and how?[M] // The emerging spatial mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007.

    [61] LIBEN L S, DOWNS R M. Can-ism and Can’tianism: astraw child[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1997, 87(1): 159-167.

    [62] BLADES M, BLAUT J M, DARVIZEH Z, et al. A cross-cultural study of young children’s mapping abilities[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1998, 23(2): 269-277.

    [63] BLAUT J M. The mapping abilities of young children: children can[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1997, 87(1): 152-158.

    [64] PLESTER B, RICHARDS J, BLADES M, et al. Young children’s ability to use aerial photographs as maps[J]. Journal of environmental psychology, 2002, 22(1-2): 29-47.

    [65] NAUMANN S, SIEGMUND A, DITTER R, et al. Remote sensing in school–theoretical concept and practical implementation[M] // ONIG G K, LEHMANN H, eds. E-learning tools. ISPRS: techniques and applications, 2007.

    [66] PATTERSON T C. Google Earth as a (not just) geography education tool[J]. Journal of geography, 2007, 106(4): 145-152.

    [67] HAGGE P. Student perceptions of semester-long in-class virtual reality: effectively using “Google Earth VR” in a higher education classroom[J]. Journal of geography in higher education, 2021, 45(3): 342-360.

    [68] DZIOB D, KRUPI?SKI M, WO?NIAK E, et al. Interdisciplinary teaching using satellite images as a way to introduce remote sensing in secondary school[J]. Remote sensing, 2020, 12(18): 2868.

    [69] SHEPARDSON D P. Students’ conceptions of and feelings about land use: building a conceptual framework for teaching and learning about land use[J]. Journal of geography, 2019, 118(6): 252-265.

    [70] KHAN N, RAHMAN A U. Rethinking the mini-map: a navigational aid to support spatial learning in urban game environments[J]. International journal of human–computer interaction, 2018, 34(12): 1135-1147.

    [71] PATTERSON T, JENNY B. Evaluating cross-blended hypsometric tints: a user study in the United States, Switzerland, and Germany[J]. Cartographic perspectives, 2013, (75): 5-17.

    [72] ADAKTYLOU N. Remote sensing as a tool for phenomenon-based teaching and learning at the elementary school level: a case study for the urban heat island effect[J]. International journal of educational methodology, 2020, 6(3): 517-531.

    [73] DAVIES C, UTTAL D H. Map use and the development of spatial cognition[J]. The emerging spatial mind, 2007: 219-247.

    [74] WU L, LIU H, PENG P. Application of remote sensing in training geospatial cognitive abilities of secondary students[J]. International journal of online engineering, 2014, 10(2): 47.

    [75] HENDERSON J, SNODGRASS RANGEL V, HOLLY JR J, et al. Enhancing engineering identity among boys of color[J]. Journal of pre-college engineering education research, 2021, 11(2): 2.

    [76] GILLEN A, CARRICO C, GROHS J, et al. Using an applied researchpractice cycle: iterative improvement of culturally relevant engineering outreach[J]. Journal of formative design in learning, 2018, 2(2): 121-128.

    [77] LADSON-BILLINGS G. Culturally relevant pedagogy 2.0: aka the remix[J]. Harvard educational review, 2014, 84(1): 74-84.

    [78] DOTSON R. Roanoke, Virginia, 1882-1912: magic city of the new south[M]. University of Tennessee Press, 2008.

    [79] FULLILOVE M T. Root shock: the consequences of African American dispossession[J]. Journal of urban health, 2001, 78(1): 72-80.

    [80] BISHOP M. Street by street, block by block: how urban renewal uprooted black Roanoke[N]. The Roanoke Times, 1995-01-29(1-12).

    [81] Census Bureau. ACS demographic and housing estimates. American community survey 5-year estimates[J/OL]. (2020). https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=roanoke%20va&tid=ACSDP5Y2020.DP05. 

    [82] SHANDAS V, VOELKEL J, WILLIAMS J, et al. Integrating satellite and ground measurements for predicting locations of extreme urban heat[J]. Climate, 2019, 7(1): 5.

    [83] CHARMAZ K. Constructing grounded theory (2nd edition)[M]. SAGE Publications Ltd., 2014.

    [84] ANGUELOVSKI I. From toxic sites to parks as (green) LULUs? new challenges of inequity, privilege, gentrification, and exclusion for urban environmental justice[J]. Journal of planning literature, 2016, 31(1): 23-36.

    [85] SALATA F, GOLASI I, PETITTI D, et al. Relating microclimate, human thermal comfort and health during heat waves: an analysis of heat island mitigation strategies through a case study in an urban outdoor environment[J]. Sustainable cities and society, 2017, 30: 79-96.

    [86] WU C Y, ZAITCHIK B F, SWARUP S, et al. Influence of the spatial resolution of the exposure estimate in determining the association between heat waves and adverse health outcomes[J]. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 2019, 109(3): 875-886.

    [87] APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION. Strengthening economic resilience in appalachia: a guidebook for practitioners[R]. 2019.

    [88] PATTISON S, SVAROVSKY G, RAMOS-MONTA?EZ S, et al. Understanding early childhood engineering interest development as a family-level systems phenomenon: findings from the head start on engineering project[J]. Journal of pre-college engineering education research, 2020, 10(1): 6.

TOP 10