杰克· 埃亨 著 秦越 刘海龙 译

Written by Jack Ahern Translated by Qin Yue, Liu Hailong

关键词：非均衡；可持续性；韧性；适应性规划设计

Keywords：Non-equilibrium; Sustainability; Resilience; Adaptive Planning and Design

摘要：

21 世纪的世界“可持续”程度很大程度上取决于城市的可持续性。贯彻可持续性的理念早期聚焦于实现稳定性，实施有效管理，控制改变和发展——是一种“安全防御”的意识。近期，关于变化、干扰、不确定性和适应性的思考构成了韧性科学产生的基础，即系统重组并从变化和扰动中恢复，而不是转化为其他状态的能力——换言之，系统是“安全无忧”的。尽管韧性城市的概念在理论上受到关注，但在目前城市规划和设计中的实践还很少。本文讨论了适用于城市的韧性理论，并提供了一系列构建城市韧度的策略：多功能、冗余度和模块化、（生物和社会）多样性、多尺度网络和连通性，以及适应性规划设计。这些策略将在韧性理论和可持续科学背景下进行讨论，并且以国际案例中的一些创新政策、工程和项目为例进行阐释。

Abstract：

The extent to which the 21st century world will be “sustainable” depends in large part on the sustainability of cities. Early ideas on implementing sustainability focused on concepts of achieving stability, practicing effective management and the control of change and growth – a “fail-safe” mentality. More recent thinking about change, disturbance, uncertainty, and adaptability is fundamental to the emerging science of resilience, the capacity of systems to reorganize and recover from change and disturbance without changing to other states – in other words, systems that are “safe to fail” while the concept of resilience is intellectually intriguing, it remains largely unpracticed in contemporary urban planning and design. This essay discusses the theory of resilience as it applies to urban conditions, and offers a suite of strategies intended to build urban resilience capacity: multifunctionality, redundancy and modularization, (bio and social) diversity, multi-scale networks and connectivity, and adaptive planning and design. The strategies are discussed in the context of resilience theory and sustainability science, and are illustrated with innovative policies, projects, and programs selected from international examples.

杰克· 埃亨，美国艾摩斯特市马萨诸塞大学，风景园林与区域规划系。jfa@larp.umass.edu

秦越，清华大学建筑学院景观学系，硕士研究生

刘海龙，博士，清华大学建筑学院景观学系，副教授，博士生导师

• [1] Ahern J. Planning and Design for Sustainable and Resilient Cities: Theories, Strategies and Best Practices for Green Infrastructure[M] //

  Novotny V, Ahern J, Brown P, eds. Water-centric Sustainable Communities. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 2010: 135-176.

  [2] Botkin D. Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-first Century[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

  [3] Clark W C, Dickson N M. Sustainability Science: The Emerging Research Program[J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2003, 100: 8059-8061.

  [4] Holling C S. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management[J]. International Series on Applied Systems Analysis, 1978, 3.

  [5] Kates R, et al. Sustainability Science[J]. Science, 2001, 292 (5517): 641-642.

  [6] Lister N-M. Sustainable Large Parks: Ecological Design or Designer Ecology? [M] // Hargreaves G, Czerniak J, eds. Large Parks. New York/ Princeton, NJ: Architectural Press, 2007: 35-54.

  [7] Pickett S T A, Cadenassso M L, Grove J M. Resilient Cities: Meaning, Models, and Metaphor for Integrating the Ecological, Socio-Economic, and

  Planning Realms[J]. Landscape Urban Planning, 2004, 69: 369-384.

  [8] Steiner F R. Metropolitan Resilience: The Role Of Universities in Facilitating a Sustainable Metropolitan Future[M] // Nelson A C, Allen

  B L, Trauger D L, eds. Toward a Resilient Metropolis. Alexandria, VA: Metropolitan Institute Press, 2006: 1-18.

  [9] Turner M G. Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process[J]. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst, 1990, 20: 171-197.

  [10] Vale L, Campanella J, Thomas J. The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

  [11] Walker B, Salt D. Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World[M]. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006.

  [12] Wu J. Landscape Ecology, Cross-disciplinarity, and Sustainability Science[J]. Landscape Ecol, 2006, 21: 1-4.

• 收起