张纯 宋彦

Zhang Chun, Song Yan

关键词：暴雨最优管理实践；精明增长；低冲击开发；雨洪管理；城市安全

Keywords：Stormwater Best Management Practice; Smart Growth; Low Impact Development; Stormwater Management; Urban Safety

摘要：

本文梳理美国城市精明增长理念下的暴雨管理经验，将城市暴雨灾害防范与城市规划、土地利用与交通规划发展等相结合，从城市规划和管理的视角为提升中国城市抵抗暴雨等自然灾害的能力提供借鉴。在美国城市精明增长理念下的暴雨最优管理实践中，在城市规划阶段就纳入了城市暴雨管理实践的考虑，强调控制土地开发密度、土地利用混合度和城市土地开发选址等要求，而不单纯突出工程技术的作用。为了促进这些考虑的实施，暴雨最优管理实践中还采取了一些明确的土地开发管理工具，包括容积率补偿、土地混合度的奖励，以及优选资助区与开发权转让等。同时，城市暴雨管理也注重在不同尺度实施差异化的应对措施，具体可分为单体建筑或建筑群策略、优化场地设计策略、基础设施策略以及区域开发策略等四类。此外，在实践中，低冲击开发原则下的精细化设计和细节考虑也十分被重视。最后，本文探讨了美国暴雨管理管理经验对中国的借鉴和启示。

Abstract：

Using Smart Growth techniques, this paper introduces experience of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in the USA to provide policy implications for Chinese cities on improving natural disaster mitigation ability from urban planning and urban management perspective. BMPs combine stormwater management with urban planning, land use and transportation planning development in the urban planning stage, emphasizing the control of density, land mixed-use and site selection rather than simply highlighting the role of engineering. In order to facilitate the implementation, BMPs adopt some urban development tools, such as compensation of floor area rate, rewards on land mixed-use, priority funding areas and transfer of development rights. BMPs advocate that different strategies should be applied in various scales, including strategies for individual buildings and building sites, better site design strategies, infrastructure strategies and also regional strategies. In the planning practice, detail design under low impact development is highlightened. Borrowing the experience of BMPs under urban growth policy, the implications for Chinese cities lie in combing the stormwater management within land and transportation planning, and maintaining the urban safety and sustainable water source in case of natural disaster.

张纯，北京交通大学建筑与艺术学院，讲师。zhangc@bjtu.edu.cn

宋彦，北卡罗莱纳大学教堂山分校城市与区域规划系终身教授。ys@email.unc.edu

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