毕波 林文棋 许俊萍

Bi Bo, Lin Wenqi, Xu Junping

关键词：学区；格局；分权；自下而上；美国

Keywords：School District; Pattern; Decentralization; Bottom-Up; The US

摘要：

就我国学区制改革中的学区划分依据问题，有必要从地理学视角出发考察一个学区格局是如何形成的。以学区体系成熟的美国为鉴，本文从国土尺度上概述其18 世纪以来学区制的雏形、学区的扩张与合并，以及当代学区类别体系与格局特征；并从物业财税保障、就学体制变革、人口规模分布和种族隔离历史四方面总结了美国学区格局的形成动因。从中得出：美国学区制起源于自下而上的社区自治传统，而非国家制度产物；学区格局的形成是分权化体系下的政治地理过程，而非行政划分，体现出社会经济分异的不平等；除了种族隔离影响之外，学区格局的形成以物业税为基础，体现出规模经济的主导作用。对比我国国情，规划研究需要在政策层面延伸，厘清概念、因地制宜，综合论证构建学区的可行性。

Abstract：

Considering the criteria of school districting in China’s school district system reform, it is necessary to study how a school district pattern formed from the perspective of geography. Taking the US as example, this paper briefly describes the prototype of American school district, the expansion and consolidation of school districts since the 18th century, and the characteristics of contemporary system with its national pattern. It summarizes the driving forces forming American school district pattern from four aspects: property taxation, school system reform, population distribution and the history of racial segregation. It is concluded that American school district system originated from the tradition of bottom-up local autonomy, not a top-down product of state system. The formation of the school district pattern is a political geographical process under the decentralized system, rather than an administrative division, reflecting the pattern of socio-economic segregation simultaneously. Except the racial segregation factor, the dominant role of scale economy based on property taxation is also reflected. In terms of China, planning study needs to extend discussions at the policy level to clarify the connotation of school district and adapt it to local conditions, and to demonstrate the feasibility of school district construction comprehensively.

毕波，清华大学建筑学院城乡规划系博士研究生，富布莱特联合培养博士研究生。bibo34417@163.com

林文棋，清华大学建筑学院副教授，北京清华同衡规划设计研究院总规划师

许俊萍，厦门市海外高层次引进人才，美国得克萨斯农工大学城市规划博士，高级教员，研究员

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