张晨 肖大威

Zhang Chen, Xiao Dawei

关键词：欧洲乡村；乡村发展；动力要素；外源动力；内源动力

Keywords：European Countryside; Rural Development; Driving Factors; Exogenous Forces; Endogenous Forces

摘要：

全球化的快速步伐推进着知识和实践经验的国际流动，跨国的知识借鉴可为地区发展中遇到的同类问题提供相关解决方案。在我国城乡快速转型发展的现实背景下，乡村发展面临巨大挑战。本文试图从乡村发展动力视角出发，追溯欧洲乡村研究和政策实践中对动力来源和组成要素认知的转变历程，以期为我国乡村发展困境提供思路。欧洲乡村发展总体经历了对城市资金、技术和政府政策补贴等外源动力要素的过度依赖向强调乡村自然、历史、人文资源和社区发展能力等内源动力要素的转变过程，伴随这一过程，乡村发展方式由政府干预下的乡村现代化转向社区主导下的乡村多元化。当前，我国的乡村发展仍需依靠外源动力要素的大量介入，政府主导下的发展忽视了乡村社区的主体力量，而后者才是乡村可持续发展的关键。欧洲的经验为我国乡村发展中政府角色定位、社区主体回归以及多样化路径探索提供了借鉴。

Abstract：

At present, the rapid pace of globalization promotes the international flow of knowledge and practical experience, and these transnational knowledge reference can provide relevant solutions for similar problems encountered in the development of other regions. Under the realistic background of rapid urban-rural transformation in China, rural development is facing enormous challenges. From the perspective of rural development dynamics, this paper attempts to trace the change of cognition on the sources and components of driving forces in European rural research and policy practice, in order to provide ideas for the plight of rural development in China. Rural development in Europe has experienced a process of transition from over-reliance on exogenous driving factors such as urban capital, technology and government policy subsidies to emphasizing endogenous driving factors such as rural nature, history, human resources and community development capabilities. Simultaneously, the way of rural development has shifted from rural modernization under government intervention to community-led rural diversification. At present, Chinese rural development still relies on the involvement of a large number of external driving forces. In this process, government-led rural development ignores the main force of rural community, which is the key to sustainable rural development. Therefore, the European experience provides lessons and enlightenments for our rural development in the role of government, the return of community subjects and the exploration of diversified paths.

张晨，华南理工大学建筑学院，博士研究生。zhixiangjushi@126.com

肖大威（通信作者），博士，华南理工大学建筑学院，教授；亚热带建筑科学国家重点实验室，主任。ardwxiao@scut.edu.cn

• [1] 屠爽爽, 龙花楼, 张英男, 等. 典型村域乡村重构的过程及其驱动因素[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(2): 323-339.

  [2] 张富刚, 刘彦随. 中国区域农村发展动力机制及其发展模式[J]. 地理学报, 2008(2): 115-122.

  [3] 陈玉福, 刘彦随, 龙花楼, 等. 苏南地区农村发展进程及其动力机制——以苏州市为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2010, 29(1): 123-128.

  [4] 龙花楼, 李婷婷, 邹健. 我国乡村转型发展动力机制与优化对策的典型分析[J]. 经济地理, 2011, 31(12): 2080-2085.

  [5] 周永广. 山村旅游业可持续发展研究[M]. 浙江大学出版社, 2011.

  [6] 周永广, 姜佳将, 王晓平. 基于社区主导的乡村旅游内生式开发模式研究[J]. 旅游科学, 2009, 23(4): 36-41.

  [7] 张环宙, 周永广, 魏蕙雅, 等. 基于行动者网络理论的乡村旅游内生式发展的实证研究——以浙江浦江仙华山村为例[J]. 旅游学刊, 2008, 23(2): 65-71.

  [8] 张环宙, 黄超超, 周永广. 内生式发展模式研究综述[J]. 浙江大学学报( 人文社会科学版), 2007(2): 61-68.

  [9] 沈费伟, 刘祖云. 海外“乡村复兴”研究——脉络走向与理论反思[J]. 人文地理, 2018(1): 16-23.

  [10] 叶齐茂. 发达国家乡村建设考察与政策研究[M]. 中国建筑工业出版社, 2008.

  [11] 黄璜, 杨贵庆, 菲利普, 等.“ 后乡村城镇化”与乡村振兴——当代德国乡村规划探索及对中国的启示[J]. 城市规划, 2017, 41(11): 111-119.

  [12] BRUNORI G, ROSSI A. Differentiating countryside: social representations and governance patterns in rural areas with high social density: the case of Chianti, Italy[J]. Journal of rural studies, 2007, 2(23): 183-205.

  [13] LOWE P. Participation in rural development: a review of European experience[R]. Newcastle, England: Centre for Rural Economy, University of Newcastle, 1998.

  [14] GALDEANO-GóMEZ E, AZNAR-SáNCHEZ J A, PéREZ-MESA J C. The complexity of theories on rural development in Europe: an analysis of the paradigmatic case of Almería (South-east Spain)[J]. Sociologia ruralis, 2011,51(1): 54-78.

  [15] LOWE P, MURDOCH J, WARD N. Networks in rural development: beyond exogenous and endogenous models[M] // VAN DER PLOEG J

  D, VAN DIJK G. Beyond modernisation: the impact of endogenous rural development. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1995.

  [16] 房艳刚, 刘继生. 基于多功能理论的中国乡村发展多元化探讨——超越“现代化”发展范式[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(2): 257-270.

  [17] WOODS M. Rural[M]. London: Routledge, 2011.

  [18] TAYLOR P J. The error of developmentalism in human geography[M] // GREGORY D, WALFORD R. Horizons in human geograohy. London: Macmillan, 1989.

  [19] VAN DER PLOEG J D, VAN DIJK G. Beyond modernisation: the impact of endogenous rural development[M]. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1995.

  [20] VAN DER PLOEG J D, RENTING H, BRUNORI G, et al. Rural development: from practices and policies towards theory[J]. Sociologia ruralis, 2000, 40(4): 391-408.

  [21] EVERSOLE R, MARTIN J. Jobs in the bush: global industries and inclusive rural development[J]. Social policy and administration, 2006, 40: 692-704.

  [22] PICCHI A. The relations between central and local powers as context for endogenous development[M] // VAN DER PLOEG J D, LONG A. Born from within. practice and perspectives of endogenous rural development. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1994: 195-203.

  [23] SHUCKSMITH M. Endogenous development, social capital and social inclusion: perspectives from LEADER in the UK[J]. Sociologia ruralis, 2000, 2(40): 208-218.

  [24] TERLUIN I J. Differences in economic development in rural regions of advanced countries: an overview and critical analysis of theories[J]. Journal of rural studies, 2003, 19(3): 327-344.

  [25] BRYDEN J M. Development strategies for remote rural regions: what do we know so far? [C]. OECD International Conference on Remote Rural Areas–developing through Natural and Cultural Assets, Albarracin, Spain, 1998.

  [26] RAY C. Towards a theory of the dialectic of local rural development within the European Union[J]. Sociologia ruralis, 1997, 37(3): 345-362.

  [27] LATOUR B. The powers of association[M] // LAW J. Power, action, belief: a new sociology of knowledge? London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986.

  [28] MURDOCH J. Networks–a new paradigm of rural development?[J]. Journal of rural studies, 2000, 16(4): 407-419.

  [29] RAY C. Culture economies: a perspective on local rural development in Europe[R]. Newcastle, England: Centre for Rural Economy, University of Newcastle, 2001.

  [30] RAY C. Endogenous development in the era of reflexive modernity[J]. Journal of rural studies, 1999, 15: 257-267.

  [31] RAY C. Neo-endogenous rural development in the EU[M] // CLOKE P, MARSDEN T, MOONEY P. The handbook of rural studies. SAGE Publications Ltd, 2006: 278-291.

  [32] KNEAFSEY M, ILBERY B, JENKINS T. Exploring the dimensions of culture economies in rural West Wales[J]. Sociologia ruralis, 2001, 41: 296-310.

  [33] GILG A W. Countryside planning[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1997.

  [34] 徐璐. 欧盟共同农业政策的发展及其借鉴[J]. 世界经济情况, 2008(7): 14-20.

  [35] ROBINSON G. Conflict and change in the countryside[M]. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1992.

  [36] WOODS M. Rural geography[M]. London: Sage, 2005. 

  [37] 孙彦红. 试析1970 年代以来的欧洲经济转型——产业结构的视角[J]. 欧洲研究, 2014(1): 14-25.

  [38] HARVEY D. A brief history of neoliberalism[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

  [39] CHESHIRE L. Governing rural development[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.

  [40] 张城国. 欧盟的农村发展实践——以LEADER 系列计划为例[J]. 世界农业, 2011(8): 10-15.

  [41] European Commission. The leader approach: a basic guide[R]. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publication of the European Communities, 2006.

  [42] MOSELEY M. Policy and practice: the environmental component of LEADER[J]. Journal of environmental planning and management, 1995, 38: 245-252.

  [43] GKARTZIOS M, LOWE P. Revisiting neo-endogenous rural development[M] // SCOTT M, GALLENT N, GKARTZIOS M. The Routledge companion to rural planning. New York: Routledge, 2019.

  [44] 沈费伟, 刘祖云. 发达国家乡村治理的典型模式与经验借鉴[J]. 农业经济问题, 2016, 37(09): 93-102.

  [45] 乔杰, 洪亮平. 从“关系”到“社会资本”：论我国乡村规划的理论困境与出路[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2017(4): 81-89.

  [46] 刘金龙, 黄小慧, 邓宝善. 城市化过程中城郊农村社区治理结构变迁——基于广州A 区的研究[J]. 中国农村观察, 2018(3): 2-18.

  [47] 叶裕民, 郐艳丽. 以人为本的乡村规划建设管理制度创新[J]. 城市规划通讯, 2016(7): 15-16.

  [48] 黄军杰. 浙江后进地区乡村“内生式发展”新范式的探索——以丽水市三个乡村旅游业的发展为例[J]. 湖州师范学院学报, 2017, 39(5): 22-27.

  [49] 颜思敏, 陈晨. 白茶产业驱动的乡村重构及规划启示——基于浙江省溪龙乡的实证研究[J]. 现代城市研究, 2019(7): 26-33.

  [50] GAO J, WU B. Revitalizing traditional villages through rural tourism: a case study of Yuanjia Village, Shaanxi Province, China[J]. Tourism management, 2017, 63: 223-233.

  
  

• 收起