陈天 王佳煜 石川淼

Chen Tian, Wang Jiayu, Shi Chuanmiao

关键词：协作式规划；贫民窟；包容性；城中村；贝洛奥里藏特

Keywords：Collaborative Urbanism; Slum; Inclusiveness; Urban Village; Belo Horizonte

摘要：

随着城镇化深度发展和城市更新的推进，城中村治理成为城市空间治理面临的关键难题。根据巴西贝洛奥里藏特城市发展办公室的相关贫民窟数据和文献资料，可将其贫民窟治理历程大致分为联邦政府强硬治理、公众重夺民主权、公众深度参与城市更新和规划实施效用减退四个阶段。贝洛奥里藏特市在多年探索过程中发展出协作式规划的治理模式，力图将社会正义和环境公平纳入协作规划目标。虽然巴西贫民窟由于历史久远和社会结构负载等原因一时无法得到有效治理，但贝洛奥里藏特市案例体现了地方政府对规划政策与公众参与结合的贫民窟治理路径的积极探索，其处理各利益主体复杂关系的协作式规划模式可为我国城市更新与城中村治理提供可借鉴的经验与思路。

Abstract：

With the in-depth development of urbanization and the promotion of urban regeneration, urban village governance has become a key problem. The slum governance process is analyzed by using the slum data and literature of the URBEL of Belo Horizonte. It can be divided into four stages: the tough governance of the federal government, the public's recapture of civil sovereignty, the upsurge of democratic participation in urban regeneration and the decline of the effectiveness of planning implementation. In the process of exploration, it has developed the governance model of collaborative urbanism, trying to bring social justice and environmental equity into the objectives of collaborative planning. Due to the long history and the load of social structure, the slums in Brazil cannot be effectively controlled for the time being. However, the case of Belo Horizonte reflects that the actively explores the slum governance path of the combination of planning policy and public participation, and the collaborative urbanism mode of dealing with the complex relationship between various stakeholders. It may provides experience for China's urban regeneration and urban village governance.

陈天，天津大学建筑学院，教授，博士生导师。teec@tju.edu.cn

王佳煜，天津大学建筑学院，博士研究生。wangjiayu1993@hotmail.com

石川淼，天津大学建筑学院，博士研究生。shichuanmiao1994@qq.com

• [1] 叶裕民, 张理政, 孙玥, 等. 破解城中村更新和新市民住房“孪生难题”的联动机制研究——以广州市为例[J]. 中国人民大学学报, 2020, 34(2): 14-28.

  [2] DEAN W. Latifundia and land policy in nineteenth-century Brazil[J]. Hispanic American historical review, 1971, 51(4): 606-625.

  [3] FORTE G. “Subversive” spatial practices in the urban fringe of S?O PAULO[J]. Temporaries and traditions, 2014, 266(1): 54-66.

  [4] PARKER P R. Brazil and the quiet intervention, 1964[M]. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011.

  [5] UN-Habitat. The challenge of slums: global report on human settlements 2003[J]. Management of environmental quality: an international journal, 2004, 15(3): 337-338.

  [6] DEL RIO V, SIEMBIEDA W. Contemporary urbanism Brazil: beyond Brasília[M]. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009.

  [7] DA SILVA A O, FERNANDES R A S. Smart governance based on multipurpose territorial cadastre and geographic information system: an analysis of geoinformation, transparency and collaborative participation for Brazilian capitals[J]. Land use policy, 2020, 97: 104752.

  [8] TWILL J. Collaborative urbanism – disrupting the paradigm for market-led urban regeneration: white paper[R/OL]. (2018-03-08)[2023-04-24]. https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Sustainability/Collaborative_Urbanism_White_Paper_-_FINAL.pdf.

  [9] AGGER A, L?FGREN K. Democratic assessment of collaborative planning processes[J]. Planning theory, 2008, 7(2): 145-164.

  [10] 比什·桑亚尔, 陈宇琳. 发展中国家非正规住房市场的政策反思[J]. 国际城市规划, 2019, 34(2): 15-22. DOI: 10.22217/upi.2018.551.

  [11] 刘佳燕. 1940 年代以来巴西公共住房政策发展评析和启示[J]. 国际城市规划, 2012, 27(4): 43-49.

  [12] 李明烨, 亚历克斯·马格尔哈斯. 从城市非正规性视角解读里约热内卢贫民窟的发展历程与治理经验[J]. 国际城市规划, 2019, 34(2): 56-63. DOI: 10.22217/upi.2017.203.

  [13] 魏立华, 闫小培.“ 城中村”：存续前提下的转型——兼论“城中村”改造的可行性模式[J]. 城市规划, 2005(7): 9-13, 56.

  [14] 尹稚. 城市与社区治理[J]. 住区, 2021(1): 7-8.

  [15] McDONALD D L. The origins of informality in a Brazilian planned city: Belo Horizonte, 1889-1900[J]. Journal of urban history, 2021, 47(1): 29-49.

  [16] FERNANDES P C á. Urbanisation and landscape juxtapositions in Minas Gerais, Brazil: revisiting historical cartographies[J]. International planning history society proceedings, 2016, 17(7): 39-50.

  [17] NOGUEIRA M, LOBO C, GARCIA R A, et al. Migration and spatial dispersion of the population in the Belo Horizonte region of influence[J]. Revista geografias, 2014: 103-119.

  [18] FNA. Morro do Papagaio at Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil[EB/OL]. (2019-04-04)[2021-09-05]. https://www.fna.org.br/2019/06/24/carta-doseminario-25-anos-do-favela-bairro/morro-do-papagaio-at-belo-horizonteminas-gerais-brazil/.

  [19] ACERVE J G. Belo Horizonte antigamente[EB/OL]. (2020-04-27)[2021-09-07]. https://slidetodoc.com/belo-horizonte-antigamente-uma-janela-dotempo-av/.

  [20] PERLAN J E, CARDOSO F H. Favela: four decades of living on the edge in Rio de Janeiro[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

  [21] OLIVEIRA S S R. O movimento de favelas de Belo Horizonte e o Departamento de Habita??es e Bairros Populares (1956-1964)[J]. Revista Mundos do trabalho, 2012, 4(7): 100-120.

  [22] LIMONAD E, BARBOSA J L. Entre o ideal e o real rumo a sociedade urbana: algumas considera??es sobre o “Estatuto da Cidade”[J]. Geousp, S?o Paulo, 2003, 13(1): 87-106.

  [23] FERNANDES E. Constructing the right to the city in Brazil[J]. Social & legal studies, 2007, 16(2): 201-219.

  [24] URBEL. VILA VIVA[EB/OL]. (2018-02-26)[2021-09-07]. https://prefeitura.pbh.gov.br/urbel/vila-viva.

  [25] MOTTA L D. Da constru??o da nova capital mineira ao atual modelo de gest?o de vilas e favelas: notas sobre um estudo de caso do Programa Vila Viva[J]. Cadernos de História, 2012, 13(19): 126-146.

  [26] AVRITZER L. Participatory institutions in democratic Brazil[M]. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 2009.

  [27] MOURA A C M, FREIRE G J M, DE OLIVEIRA R H, et a l . Geoprocessamento no Apoio A Politicas do Programa Vila Viva em Belo Horizonte-MG: Intervencoes em Assentamentos Urbanos Preca Rios[J]. Revista Brasileira de Cartografia, 2009, 61(2): 177-188.

  [28] DE SALLES DIAS M A, DE LIMA FRICHE A A, MINGOTI S A, et al. Mortality from homicides in slums in the City of Belo Horizonte, Brazil: an evaluation of the impact of a re-urbanization project[J]. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019, 16(1): 154.

  [29] SCHUSSEL Z, NASCIMENTO P. Urban planning based on watersheds: from theoretical debate to municipal management[J]. Ambiente & sociedade, 2015, 18: 137-152.

  [30] AFONSO A S, MAGALH?ES M C F. Programa Vila Viva: interven??o estrutural em assentamentos precários. Belo Horizonte: Companhia Urbanizadora e de Habita??o de Belo Horizonte [R]. Belo Horizonte: UEBEL, 2008.

  [31] CONTI A. A política de interven??o nos assentamentos informais de Belo Horizonte nas décadas de 1980 e 1990 e o “Plano Global Específico”[J]. Cadernos de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 2004, 11(12): 189-216.

  [32] KLECHEN C F, BARRETO R O, PAULA A P P. Pilares para a compreens?o da autogest?o: o caso de um programa de habita??o da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte[J]. Revista de Administra??o Pública, 2011, 45: 669-694.

  [33] ARQBH. Cras Centro de Referência de Assistência Social–Parque da Terceira água[EB/OL]. (2009-10-06)[2021-09-07]. http://www.arqbh.com.br/2015/05/cras-centro-de-referencia-de.html.

  [34] DIAS M T F, FIGUEIREDO L M. Quest?es de política e quest?es de princípio: o direito à moradia e à participa??o popular na política de urbaniza??o do Aglomerado da Serra em Belo Horizonte[J]. Revista do Programa de Pós-Gradua??o em Direito da UFC, 2015. 35(2): 273-293.

  [35] MASOTTI C, FERRANTE A, BOIARDI L, et al. Self-help retrofitting technologies for low-cost housing construction. the case study of Vila Novo Ouro Preto, Brasil[J]. Procedia engineering, 2011, 21: 625-632.

  [36] 叶裕民. 包容性城中村更新与社区营造[J]. 住区, 2021(1): 9-10.

  [37] 张宇, 欧名豪, 蔡玉军. 整村统筹——解决城中村土地利用和发展问题的一个探索[J]. 城市规划, 2015, 39(2): 93-98, 105.

  [38] 叶裕民. 特大城市包容性城中村改造理论架构与机制创新——来自北京和广州的考察与思考[J]. 城市规划, 2015, 39(8): 9-23.

  [39] 谭肖红, 袁奇峰, 吕斌. 城中村改造村民参与机制分析——以广州市猎德村为例[J]. 热带地理, 2012, 32(6): 618-625.

  [40] 陈宇琳. 中国大城市非正规住房与社区营造：类型、机制与应对[J]. 国际城市规划, 2019, 34(2): 40-44. DOI: 10.22217/upi.2019.052.

  
  

• 收起