陆明 梁凡 吴远翔

Lu Ming, Liang Fan, Wu Yuanxiang

关键词：收缩规划；收缩城市；界定标准；收缩类型；本土化探析

Keywords：Shrinking Planning; Shrinking City; Defining Standard; Shrinking Type; Local Exploration

摘要：

收缩城市作为一种新常态的城市发展类型，在城市发展问题中的研究地位日益上升，以收缩为导向的收缩规划也不断得到强调。然而，收缩城市的界定与分类一直处于多元而混杂独立的状态，这不仅影响相关研究的持续深入，也不利于收缩城市的联合探究。笔者发现，在概念界定中，收缩城市定义标准比较混杂，并且西方语境下的收缩城市在中国化解读中产生了分歧和误解；同时缘于不同的研究路径，收缩类型的划分结果呈现多样化趋势，尤其是在具有特殊城市发展背景的中国。基于此，本文从规划角度出发，重新思考收缩城市的定义内涵与研究意义，提出了“唯一判断标准+ 多元类型识别”的研究思路，并强调两者之间的逻辑关系。另外，笔者就收缩类型梳理了基于收缩规划的研究框架，强化了收缩类型在规划中的指导性，并期望在创造联合研究平台的同时促进本土化探析。

Abstract：

Shrinking city, a new normal type of urban development, has been constantly emphasized for its importance in the area of research concerning urban development issues. Shrinkage-oriented planning has also been emphasized. However, the definition and classification of shrinking cities have been complicated yet independent. This not only affects the continuous in-depth related research, but also goes against the joint exploration of shrinking cities. From tracing the origin of shrinking city, this paper, on the one hand, finds the confusions of the definition to the shrinking city and the differences and misunderstandings existing in the Chinese interpretation of the shrinking city in the western context. On the other hand, it presents that the classifications of shrinking types have shown a diversified trend due to different research paths, especially in China, which has a special urban development background. Based on this, the authors reconsider the definition and significance of shrinking city from the perspective of planning, and put forward the research idea of “unique judgment standard + multiple type identification” and emphasize the logical relationship between them. In addition, we sort out a research framework for the shrinking types based on shrinking planning, which strengthens the guidance of shrinkage types in planning. Ultimately, it would promote local exploration while creating a joint research platform.

陆明，哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院，寒地城乡人居环境科学与技术工业和信息化部重点实验室，教授，博士生导师。hitlm@126.com
梁凡（通信作者），哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院，寒地城乡人居环境科学与技术工业和信息化部重点实验室，博士研究生。20b934025@stu.hit.edu.cn
吴远翔，哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院，寒地城乡人居环境科学与技术工业和信息化部重点实验室，副教授，硕士生导师。nu-2000@163.com

• [1] SOUSA S, PINHO P. Planning for shrinkage: paradox or paradigm[J]. European planning studies, 2013, 23(1): 12-32.
  [2] LOGAN J R M H L. The city as growth machine[M]. Oxford: Blackwells, 1996: 291-337.
  [3] LEO C B W. Slow growth and urban development policy[J]. Journal of urban affairs, 2002, 22(2): 193-213.
  [4] BITHAS K, CHRISTOFAKIS M. Environmentally sustainable cities: critical review and operational conditions[J]. Sustainable development, 2006, 14(3): 177-189.
  [5] HOWELL-MORONEY M. A description and exploration of recent stateled smart-growth efforts[J]. Environment and planning c: government and policy, 2008, 26(4): 678-695.
  [6] 杨东峰, 龙瀛, 杨文诗, 等. 人口流失与空间扩张: 中国快速城市化进程中的城市收缩悖论[J]. 现代城市研究, 2015(9): 20-25.
  [7] OSWALT P, RIENIETS T, SCHIRMEL H. Atlas of shrinking cities[M]. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Publishers, 2006.
  [8] 刘贵文, 谢芳芸, 洪竞科, 等. 基于人口经济数据分析我国城市收缩现状[J]. 经济地理, 2019, 39(7): 50-57.
  [9] 高舒琦. 收缩城市的现象、概念与研究溯源[J]. 国际城市规划. 2017, 32(3): 50-58. DOI: 10.22217/upi.2016.228.
  [10] DESIMINI J. From planned shrinkage to formerly urban staking landscape architecture’s claim in the shrinking city debate[J]. Landscape journal, 2014, 33(1): 17-35.
  [11] WIECHMANN T. Errors expected–aligning urban strategy with demographic uncertainty in shrinking cities[J]. International planning studies, 2008, 13(4): 43-46.
  [12] BERNT M. The limits of shrinkage: conceptual pitfalls and alternatives in the discussion of urban population loss[J]. International journal of urban and regional research, 2015, 40(2): 441-450.
  [13] 吴康, 孙东琪. 城市收缩的研究进展与展望[J]. 经济地理, 2017, 37(11): 59-67.
  [14] HOSPERS G. Policy response to urban shrinkage: from growth thinking to civic engagement[J]. European planning studies, 2014, 39: 229-246.
  [15] HIRT S, Beauregard R. Must shrinking cities be distressed cities? a historical and conceptual critique[J]. International planning studies, 2019, 26(1): 1-13.
  [16] AHRENS G. Demographic changes–consequences for the transportation sector[J]. Journal of public health, 2005, 13(1): 16-21.
  [17] 衣霄翔, 赵天宇, 吴彦锋, 等.“ 危机”抑或“契机”？——应对收缩城市空置问题的国际经验研究[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2020(2): 95-101.
  [18] RADZIMSKI A. Changing policy responses to shrinkage: the case of dealing with housing vacancies in Eastern Germany[J]. Cities, 2016, 50: 197-205.
  [19] MATTHIAS K. The consequences of demographic change for municipal infrastructure[J]. German journal of urban studies, 2004, 44(1): 1-13.
  [20] MALLACH A, HAASE A, HATTORI K. The shrinking city in comparative perspective: contrasting dynamics and responses to urban shrinkage[J]. Cities, 2017, 69: 102-108.
  [21] BANZHAF E, KINDLER A, HAASE D. Monitoring and modelling indicators for urban shrinkage-the city of Leipzig, German[J]. Bonn: Center for Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces, 2006: 28-30.
  [22] BOURNE L S, ROSE D. The changing face of Canada: the uneven geographies of population and social change[J]. The Canadian geographer, 2001, 45(1): 105-119.
  [23] HOSPERS G. Policy responses to urban shrinkage: from growth thinking to civic engagement[J]. European planning studies, 2014, 22(7): 1507-1523.
  [24] SMITH N, CARIS P, WYLY E. The “Camden Syndrome” and the menace of suburban decline: residential disinvestment and its discontents in Camden County, New Jersey[J]. Urban affairs review, 2001, 36(4): 497-531.
  [25] 陈肖飞, 郜瑞瑞, 韩腾腾, 等. 人口视角下黄河流域城市收缩的空间格局与影响因素[J]. 经济地理, 2020, 40(6): 37-46.
  [26] BONTJE M. Facing the challenge of shrinking cities in East Germany: the case of Leipzig[J]. GeoJournal, 2004, 61(1): 13-21.
  [27] SCHILLING J, LOGAN J. Greening the rust belt: a green infrastructure model for right sizing America’s shrinking cities[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2008, 74(4): 451-466.
  [28] HOLLANDER J B, NEMETH J. The bounds of smart decline: a foundational theory for planning shrinking cities[J]. Housing policy debate, 2011, 21(3): 349-367.
  [29] 黄玮婷. 英国城市收缩现象的经验及启示[J]. 规划师, 2014, 30(55): 205-209.
  [30] 吴康, 戚伟. 收缩型城市：认知误区、统计甄别与测算反思[J]. 地理研究, 2021, 40(1): 213-229.
  [31] GRO?MANN K, BONTJE M, HAASE A, et al. Shrinking cities: notes for the further research agenda[J]. Cities, 2013, 35: 221-225.
  [32] 张伟, 单芬芬, 郑财贵, 等. 我国城市收缩的多维度识别及其驱动机制分析[J]. 城市发展研究, 2019, 26(3): 32-40.
  [33] 沈瑶, 朱红飞, 刘梦寒, 等. 少子化、老龄化背景下日本城市收缩时代的规划对策研究[J]. 国际城市规划, 2020, 35(2): 47-53. DOI: 10.19830/j.upi.2020.053.
  [34] 杜志威, 金利霞, 张虹鸥. 精明收缩理念下城市空置问题的规划响应与启示——基于德国、美国和日本的比较[J]. 国际城市规划, 2020, 35(2): 29-37. DOI: 10.19830/j.upi.2020.047.
  [35] 姜鹏, 周静, 崔勋. 基于中日韩实例研究的收缩城市应对思辨[J]. 现代城市研究, 2016(2): 2-7.
  [36] 张京祥, 冯灿芳, 陈浩. 城市收缩的国际研究与中国本土化探索[J]. 国际城市规划, 2017, 32(5): 1-9. DOI: 10.22217/upi.2016.551.
  [37] 匡贞胜. 城市收缩背景下我国的规划理念变革探讨[J]. 城市学刊, 2019, 40(3): 56-60.
  [38] 龙瀛, 吴康, 王江浩. 中国收缩城市及其研究框架[J]. 现代城市研究, 2015(9): 14-19.
  [39] 郭源园, 李莉. 中国收缩城市及其发展的负外部性[J]. 地理科学, 2019, 39(1): 55-63.
  [40] 毛其智, 龙瀛, 吴康. 中国人口密度时空演变与城镇化空间格局初探——从2000 年到2010 年[J]. 城市规划, 2015, 39(2): 38-43.
  [41] LONG Y, WU K. Shrinking cities in a rapidly urbanizing China[J]. Environment and planning a, 2016, 48(1): 220-223.
  [42] 罗小龙. 城市收缩的机制与类型[J]. 城市规划, 2018, 42(3): 107-108.
  [43] 周盼, 吴佳雨, 吴雪飞. 基于绿色基础设施建设的收缩城市更新策略研究[J]. 国际城市规划, 2017, 32(1): 91-98. DOI: 10.22217/upi.2015.268.
  [44] 高舒琦. 收缩城市研究综述[J]. 城市规划学科, 2015, 223(3): 44-49.
  [45] 刘春阳, 杨培峰. 中外收缩城市动因机制及表现特征比较研究[J]. 现代城市研究, 2017(3): 64-71.
  [46] 李郇, 吴康, 龙瀛, 等. 局部收缩：后增长时代下的城市可持续发展争鸣[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(10): 1997-2016.
  [47] MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ C, AUDIRAC I, FOL S, et al. Shrinking cities: urban challenges of globalization[J]. International journal of urban and regional research, 2012, 36(2): 213-225.
  [48] TUROK I, MYKHNENKO V. The trajectories of European cities, 1960-2005[J]. Cities, 2007, 24(3): 165-182.
  [49] HAASE D, HAASE A, KABISCH N, et al. Actors and factors in land-use simulation: the challenge of urban shrinkage[J]. Environmental modelling & software, 2012, 35: 92-103.
  [50] HOEKVELD J J. Time-space relations and the differences between shrinking regions[J]. Built environment, 2012, 38(2): 179-195.
  [51] HABITAT U. State of the world’s cities 2008/2009: harmonious cities[M]. London: Earthscan, 2010.
  [52] RECKIEN D, MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ C. Why do cities shrink?[J]. European planning studies, 2011, 19(8): 1375-1397.
  [53] 杨振山, 孙艺芸. 城市收缩现象、过程与问题[J]. 人文地理, 2015, 30(4): 6-10.
  [54] HOYT L, LEROUX A. Voices from forgotten cities: innovative revitalization coalitions in America’s older small cities[M]. Cambridge, MA: PolicyLink,
  Citizens’ Housing and Planning Association, MIT School of Architecture and Planning, 2007.
  [55] 聂翔宇, 刘新静. 城市化进程中“鬼城”的类型分析及其治理研究[J]. 南通大学学报( 社会科学版), 2013, 29(4): 111-117.
  [56] 薛力. 城市化背景下的“空心村”现象及其对策探讨——以江苏省为例[J]. 城市规划, 2001(6): 8-13.
  [57] 徐博, 庞德良. 增长与衰退：国际城市收缩问题研究及对中国的启示[J]. 经济学家, 2014, 4(4): 5-13.
  [58] ALVES D, BARREIRA A P, GUIMAR?ES M H, et al. Historical trajectories of currently shrinking Portuguese cities: a typology of urban shrinkage[J]. Cities, 2016, 52: 20-29.
  [59] NUISSL H, RINK D. The ‘production’ of urban sprawl in eastern Germany as a phenomenon of post-socialist transformation[J]. Cities, 2005, 22(2): 123-134.
  [60] 刘玉博, 周萍. 中国城市收缩空间尺度探析与典型收缩形态识别[J]. 北京规划建设, 2019(3): 42-47.
  [61] 张明斗. 东北地区城市收缩的空间结构与体系协同研究[M]. 北京：经济科学出版社, 2020.
  [62] KIM G. The public value of urban vacant land: social responses and ecological value[J]. Sustainability, 2016, 8(5): 486.
  [63] 周恺, 钱芳芳, 严妍. 湖南省多地理尺度下的人口“收缩地图”[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(2): 267-280.
  [64] 龙瀛, 刘伦. 新数据环境下定量城市研究的四个变革[J]. 国际城市规划, 2017, 32(1): 64-73. DOI: 10.22217/upi.2015.299.
  [65] 刘风豹, 朱喜钢, 陈蛟, 等. 城市收缩多维度、多尺度量化识别及成因研究——以转型期中国东北地区为例[J]. 现代城市研究, 2018(7): 37-46.
  [66] 邓楚雄, 梁鹏, 刘唱唱. 长江中游城市群收缩城市时空变化特征及影响因素[J]. 城市学科, 2020, 41(2): 80-88.
  [67] DENG J S, WANG K, HONG Y, et al. Spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution of land use change and landscape pattern in response to rapid urbanization[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2009, 92(3/4): 187-198.
  [68] PHAM H M, YAMAGUCHI Y, BUI T Q. A case study on the relation between city planning and urban growth using remote sensing and spatial metrics[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2011, 100(3): 223-230.
  [69] SCHUPPE S, HAASE D. Multi-criteria assessment of socio-environmental aspects in shrinking cities. experiences from Eastern Germany[J]. Environmental impact assessment review, 2008, 28(7): 483-503.
  [70] Yu X, Ng C N. Spatial and temporal dynamics of urban sprawl along two urban-rural transects: a case study of Guangzhou, China[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2007, 79(1): 96-109.
  [71] 刘合林. 收缩城市量化计算方法进展[J]. 现代城市研究, 2016(2): 17-22.
  [72] FRIEDRICHS J. A theory of urban decline: economy, demography and political elites[J]. Urban studies, 1993, 30(6): 907-917.
  [73] 徐博. 国际城市收缩问题研究[M]. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2018.
  

• 收起